Unit 6: World War II Flashcards
Franklin Roosevelt
- Campaign –> neutrality but with “preparedness”
- 2/19/1942 [Executive Order 9066] – an order that gave the Wat Department the authority to declare any part of the country a restricted military area “from which any or all persons may be excluded”
- the First Peacetime Draft” (Selective Training and Service Act of 1940) to prepare for possible entry into war
- Arsenal of Democracy – US’s role in supplying weapons, equipment, and materials to the Allied forces.
Joseph Stalin
- Soviet Union (USSR)
- General Secretary
- type of gov’t = totalitarian communism (dictatorship)
- extreme left
- feared the growing power of Nazi Germany
New Economic Policies (NEP)
- collectivization = a policy of forced consolidation of indiv peasant households into collective farms. goods are seized and exported.
- [3-5 year plans] – Stalin tries multiple –> fails everything
- The Great Purges: KGB = secret police killed army officers and prominent Bolsheviks who opposed Stalin.
- Gulag = institution that operated forced labor camps
Five Year Plans
- By Stalin
- series of centralized economic plans aimed at rapidly industrializing the Soviet Union and increasing state control over the economy.
Benito Mussolini
- Italy
- Il Duce
- type of gov’t = fascism (dictatorship)
- extreme right
- centralized all power in himself as leader (total control)
- ambition to restore Rome
- invasion of Ethiopia & designs on more of North Africa
- alliance with Nazi Germany (form of protection)
Adolf Hitler
- Germany
- Der Fuhrer
- type of gov’t = Nazism (dictatorship) “parallel with facism”
- extreme right
- hitler could rise to power as the depression and inflation weakened democratic gov’t in Germany
- outraged by Treaty of Versailles
- Chancellor to dictator
- SS = gov’t protection squad
- Gestapo = secret police
Mein Kampf
- by hitler
- outlined his ideas for Germany
Pure Aryan race = superior Germans
Anti-semitism = persecution of Jews
Extreme nationalism = national socialism (aka nazism)
aggression = German occupation of nearby countries
lebensraum = more land for the germans
anschluss = german union with austria
Hideki Tojo
- Japan
- Prime minister
- does not belong anywhere in the political spectrum
- type of gov’t = militarism (dictatorship)
- emperor = Hirohito
- military took control of gov’t
- industrialization of Japan –> drive for raw materials –> imperialism over korea, Manchuria, and the rest of china.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
- August, 1939
- between Germany and USSR (agreed to divide Poland and not attack)
- 9/1, 1939 —> hitler invades Poland (blitzkrieg: lightning war). USSR invaded Poland from east.
Blitzkrieg
lightning war by germany
appeasement
- give dictators what they want and hope they don’t ask for more
axis vs. allied
allied
- france
- america
- britain
- soviet union
axis
- Japan
- italy
- germany
Neutrality Acts
1935-1937
- prohibits from selling weapons or transport goods to any nation at war
- Congress amended and allowed US companies to sell weapons to the Allies on a “cash and carry” basis
case-and-carry program
allied nations could buy US goods, but had to pay in cash and transport goods on their own ships.
allowed the USA to aid the allies while remaining neutral and avoid the causes of American entry into the First World War.
lend-lease plan
- 1941
- usa responding to England’s need in us aid
- allowed usa to send war supplies on ARMED SHIPS
- used throughout WWII, transformed usa into an “arsenal of democracy”, and helped end the depression.
Atlantic Charter
- B. Prime minister Churchill and FDR
- joint declaration
- outlined their post-war even thought USA has not gone to the war yet.
Pearl Harbor
12/7, 1941
- Japan surprise attack US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
- also attacked Guam and wake island
- us = two front war
- FDR viewed Germany as the immediate threat and began preparing for war.
GIs
- everything soldiers were given was “gov’t issued”
- us soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines who served during wwii
War bonds
- the gov’t sold war bonds
- helped raise $ 187 billion
- Hollywood celebrities, posters, radio ads, rallies, drives
- sold at discount
Great Migration
- “Tuskegee airmen” – were recognized for heroism
- WWII created many war-related factory jobs and demand for workers
- blacks moved into Northern cities and the west coast
Racial discrimination
- civil rights leader (A Philip Randolph) threatened to “march on Washington” to force FDR to help blacks –> fdr offered equal pay for black workers and created the fair employment practices commission
fair employment practices commission
- by fdr
- through executive order 8802
- offering equal pay for black workers
Japanese internment camps timeline
- [12/7, 1941] Japan attacks usa
- [2/19, 1942] executive order 9066
- [march, 1942] Japanese Americans were ordered to register with the War Relocation Authority (WRA) for “evacuation”
- [oct. 1942] all internees were housed in ten camps run by the WRA
- [1943] us reversed from exclusion to volunteerism
- [1946] internees slowly returned home
- [1988] us gov’t issued formal apology and paid $ 20,000 to each survivors
Japanese internment camps infos
causes:
- Pearl Harbor arose fear of Japanese Americans spying or helping prepare for Japanese invasion of the usa
nisei and issei:
- Nisei = first generation Americans
- issei = born in Japan
location of camps:
- isolated and desolate space
conditions:
- families shared single room
- without plumbing
- not enough heat, education and health care
- dining room = communal dining halls
effort:
- Japanese in the camps tried to make their lives as normal as possible
442nd infantry regimental combat team
- japanese men who volunteered and fought in Italy, southern France, and Germany.
- more than 800
island hopping
- problem for the allies = time and troops to retake the islands Japan controlled in the pacific
- fight for Guadalcanal took 6 months, costing 25,000 Japanese and 2,000 us lives
- island hopping strategy = skip the heavily defended islands and seize islands close to Japan
- from 1943-1945, the allies took back the Philippines and were moving in on japan
