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US Human Geography > Unit 6: Urban Patterns > Flashcards

Unit 6: Urban Patterns Flashcards

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1
Q

Blockbusting

A

a business process in which U.S. real estate agents and building developers convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices, which they do by telling house owners that racial minorities will soon move into their neighborhoods in order to instill fear in them
ex: panic peddling

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2
Q

Boomburbs

A

a municipality of more than 100,000 people that has been growing at a double-digit pace for three consecutive decades and that is not the major city of any metropolitan area
ex: Irvine, California; Irving, Texas; Lakewood, Colorado

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3
Q

Bosnywash

A

a long, heavily populated chain of cities on the east coast of the united states that stretches from boston in the north to new york and down to washington d.c.
ex: including New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore

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4
Q

Brownfields

A

a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant
ex: abandoned gas stations, dry cleaners, industrial properties

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5
Q

Census tract

A

small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county or equivalent entity that are updated by local participants prior to each decennial census as part of the Census Bureau’s Participant Statistical Areas Program
ex: generally encompass a population between 2,500 to 8,000 people

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6
Q

Central Business District

A

the main business and commercial area of a town or city

ex: London has Docklands area containing Canary Wharf

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7
Q

Central city

A

a city that constitutes the densely populated center of a metropolitan area
ex: core city

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8
Q

Central Place Theory (Christaller)

A

a spatial theory in urban geography that attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and a number of cities and towns around the world as well as provide a framework by which those areas can be studied both for historical reasons and for the locational patterns of areas today
ex: Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Regional Capital

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9
Q

Commercial suburb

A

characterized by higher-density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas
ex: commercial activities that cater to resident

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10
Q

Commuter zone

A

a geographic area used in population and economic analysis, contains the surrounding travel-to-work areas of a city where at least 15 % of employed residents are working in the city
ex: industry does not tend to develop next to high-income housing

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11
Q

Concentric zone

A

in urban development model based on human ecology theory that views cities as a series of five circular rings or zones, originating with a central business district (CBD)
ex: the central business district, the zone in transition, the zone of working persons’ homes, the zone of better residences, and the commuters’ zone

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12
Q

Density gradient

A

a spatial variation in density over an area. The term is used in the natural sciences to describe varying density of matter, but can apply to any quantity whose density can be measured
ex: most cities’ density gradient is most at the center and declines as one moves outwards…Denver exemplifies this

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13
Q

Edge city

A

a relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road
ex: Lone Tree, CO

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14
Q

Exurbs

A

a district outside a city, especially a prosperous area beyond the suburbs
ex: Siming and Huli / Haicang and Jimei

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15
Q

Filtering (housing)

A

the idea that, as new market-rate housing is built, higher-income people move into it, leaving behind older housing stock for lower-income people
ex: Inner-city homes were/are strongly affected by filtering

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16
Q

Galactic city model

A

a circular city model that has a commercial and economic central area which is often called the central business district or CBD is at the center of the city
ex: popular with post-industrial cities

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17
Q

Gentrification

A 
a process in which a poor area (as of a city) experiences an influx of middle-class or wealthy people who renovate and rebuild homes and businesses and which often results in an increase in property values and the displacement of earlier, usually poorer residents
ex: Atlanta and Boston
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18
Q

Ghettoization

A

to treat a particular group in society as if they are different from the other parts of society and as if their activities and interests are not important to other people
ex: Birmingham, Alabama’s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries

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19
Q

Greenbelts & green spaces

A

a general term that refers to natural, undeveloped, and/or agricultural lands that surround urban areas as designated by cities, counties, special districts, and other jurisdictions
ex: open spaces, parks, farms and ranches, wildlands

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20
Q

Historic preservation & landmarks

A

a structure that has significant historical, architectural, or cultural meaning and that has been given legal protection from alteration and destruction
ex: Alcatraz Island, Lincoln Memorial, Statue of Liberty

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21
Q

Inclusionary zoning

A

refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes
ex: Burlington, Vermont, was an early adopter of IZ, launching its policy in 1990

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22
Q

Industrial suburbs

A

a community, near a large city, with an industrial economy

ex: established tax havens

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23
Q

Infrastructure

A

the basic services, equipment and facilities needed for an area’s economy to function
ex: housing, bridges, military installations

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24
Q

Local economic development

A

an approach to economic development, of note in the developing world that, as its name implies, places importance on activities in and by cities, districts and regions
ex: protected bicycle parking, outdoor seating, non-slip pedestrian surfaces or public art

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25
Q

Megacities

A

a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people
ex: Tokyo

26
Q

Megalopolis/conurbation

A

an extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas
ex: NYC

27
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

A

large population areas as defined by the government for the purpose of gathering data
ex: New York City-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA MSA

28
Q

Mixed-land use zoning

A

a complementary mix of residential, commercial, and/or industrial uses in a single district
ex: blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment

29
Q

New Urbanism

A

mixed-use developments that include residential & commercial areas within the same space
ex: walkways, bike lanes

30
Q

Outlying business district

A

the portion of an urban area that is normally separated from the central business district and fringe area but that supports considerable business activity and has its own traffic circulation, superimposed on some through traffic
ex: downtown shopping venues

31
Q

Primate city (urban primacy)

A

the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
ex: Bangkok

32
Q

Public housing

A

housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families’ incomes
ex: apartment area by fisherman’s park

33
Q

Public (civic) spaces

A

the places in which a community performs or engages in some part of its political or social life
ex: spaces used for community activities, including open-air environments where public activities such as assemblies or speeches occur

34
Q

Public transportation

A

a system of vehicles that operate at regular times on fixed routes and are used by the public as run by the government
ex: trains, buses

35
Q

Rank-size rule

A

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
ex: the largest city has a population 1,000,000, and we want to know the population of the fourth largest city, it will have 1/4 of the population of the largest city

36
Q

Residential suburbs

A

a residential area contains houses rather than offices or factories
ex: incorporated into a city or the outskirts

37
Q

Slow-growth cities

A

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl
ex: Detroit, Baltimore, Milwaukee

38
Q

Smart growth policies (cities)

A

an approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and community engagement
ex: Arlington, Virginia

39
Q

Social heterogeneity (in cities)

A

a society or group that includes individuals of differing ethnicities, cultural backgrounds, sexes, or ages
ex: ethnic enclave neighborhoods

40
Q

Spatial margin of profitability

A

a line that separates the profitable spaces from the unprofitable spaces. It defines the spatial boundary within which a company can be profitable
ex: Texas-based company decides to locate its manufacturing operations in Mexico, several locations within a certain distance from the Texas-Mexico border could be within its spatial margin of profitability

41
Q

Squatter settlements/shantytowns

A

a settlement of improvised buildings known as shanties or shacks, typically made of materials such as mud and wood; typically begins due to inadequate infrastructure
ex: poor sanitation, street drainage, no electricity

42
Q

Suburbanization

A

process in which lands outside urban areas become urbanized as people and businesses from the city move to these spaces
ex: Bastrop

43
Q

Sustainable design initiatives

A

the intention to reduce or completely eliminate negative environmental impacts through thoughtful designs
ex: fields of design such as designing buildings or products

44
Q

Sustainability practices (cities)

A

a city designed with consideration for social, economic, environmental impact (commonly referred to as the triple bottom line), and resilient habitat for existing populations, without compromising the ability of future generations to experience
ex: planting trees, reducing carbon footprint

45
Q

Threshold and range

A

the minimum market (population or income) needed to bring about the selling of a particular good or service and the maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods - at some point the cost or inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good
ex: A threshold may be as low as 250 people for a convenience store or as high as 150,000 people for a theater

46
Q

[The] underclass

A

a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics
ex: formerly, black slaves in the US

47
Q

Urban blight/decay

A

the sociological process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude
ex: abandoned buildings and empty plots, high unemployment levels, high crime rates

48
Q

Urbanized area

A

the region surrounding a city, very developed

ex: high density, commercial buildings, roads

49
Q

Urban hierarchy

A

a ranking of settlements according to their sizes and functions
ex: hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis

50
Q

Urbanization

A

the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities
ex: influx of people moving to Texas

51
Q

Urban morphology

A

the study of the physical form and structure of urban places

ex: fringe belts

52
Q

Urban renewal

A

redevelopment and refurbishment of urban areas

ex: Buenos Aires, Argentina

53
Q

Urban sprawl

A

uncontrolled expansion of suburbs (low density areas)

ex: austin’s sprawl into bastrop

54
Q

World Cities (alpha)

A

centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce
ex: London, Seoul

55
Q

Zone in transition

A

an area that is either becoming more rural or more urban

ex: ZIT

56
Q

Zone of abandonment

A

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons
ex: garbage, crime, and vandalism

57
Q

Zones of disamenity (disamenity zone/Sector)

A

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme

ex: Favellas in Rio

58
Q

Zone of in situ accretion

A

a transitional area for Latin American cities that is between the zone of maturity and the zone of peripheral squatter settlements
ex: modest homes, various sizes and quality materials

59
Q

Zone of maturity

A

located around the CBD and is considered an inner city location
ex: better homes, middle income

60
Q

Zoning ordinances

A

a rule that defines how property in specific geographic zones can be used
ex: no agriculture in city limits, no fireworks

US Human Geography (5 decks)

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