Unit 5: Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Flashcards

1
Q

agribusiness

A

the sector that encompasses all economic activities that are related to farming
ex: chemicals, breeding, marketing

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2
Q

agriculture

A

the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
ex: wheat farming

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3
Q

animal and plant domestication

A

the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use
ex: sheep bred for wool

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4
Q

aquaculture/aquafarming

A

the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean
ex: farming salmon for mass consumption

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5
Q

bid-rent theory

A

a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) decreases
ex: closer to coast more expensive farther away from coast less expensive

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6
Q

biodiversity

A

the number of different species within a specific habitat

ex: shrimp, kelp, and jellyfish in the ocean

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7
Q

biotechnology (agriculture)

A

a range of tools, including traditional breeding techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products; improve plants or animals
ex: pest resistant crops

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8
Q

cereal grain

A

a grass yielding grain for food

ex: rice

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9
Q

climatic conditions

A

the composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a region throughout the year, averaged over a series of years
ex: temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation

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10
Q

clustered rural settlements

A

an agricultural- based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields. surrounding the collection of houses and farm
ex: typically includes homes, barns, tool sheds, and other farm structures

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11
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

the exchange of diseases, ideas, food. crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus
ex: horses, sugar plants, potatoes

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12
Q

commodity chains

A

connects local products to markets

ex: GIs, fair trade and short marketing chains

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13
Q

communal farming (collective)

A

a farm formed from many small holdings collected into a single unit for joint operation under governmental supervision
ex: soviet countries

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14
Q

community-supported agriculture (CSA)

A

a community of individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that the farmland becomes, either legally or spiritually, the community’s farm, with the growers and consumers providing mutual support and sharing the risks and benefits of food production
ex: Angelic Organics, Golden Earthworm Organic Farm Phillies Bridge Farm Project, and Roxbury Farm

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15
Q

concentric rings (farming and markets)

A

circles with a common center, specifically in nature or farming and marketing
ex: intensive farming and dairying, forest, increasing extensive field crops, ranching/animal products

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16
Q

conservation (land/environment)

A

a controlled-growth land use development that adopts the principle for allowing limited sustainable development while protecting the area’s natural environmental features in perpetuity
ex: forest conservation, soil conservation, managing waste

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17
Q

contemporary agriculture

A

encompass the production of agricultural commodities, including food, fiber, wood products, horticultural crops, and other plant and animals products, placing emphasis on production quantity/profitably
ex: issues such as food security and food waste

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18
Q

crop rotation

A

the successive planting of different crops on the same land to maintain soil fertility and help control insects and diseases
ex: Year 1: corn
Year 2: Oats
Year 3: mixed grasses/hay

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19
Q

dairy farming

A

a farm devoted chiefly to the production of milk and the manufacture of butter and cheese
ex: high producing dairy cows, goats, sheep

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20
Q

deforestation (relate to farming)

A

the large-scale clearing of land, generally for agriculture, industry, or transportation
ex: land is cut or burned to make room for cattle grazing, feed crop production

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21
Q

desertification (relate to farming)

A

a decline in soil fertility, a reduction in vegetation cover – especially grass cover – and more invasive shrub species
ex: intensive use of agricultural lands, poor irrigation practices, deforestation, and overgrazing

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22
Q

dietary energy consumption

A

the amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories
ex: women need roughly 2000kcal/day

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23
Q

dispersed rural settlements

A

one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world
ex: Brülisau

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24
Q

double cropping

A

to grow two or more crops on the same land in the same season or at the same time
ex: winter wheat in the spring and soybeans in the fall

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25
export commodities (food & agriculture)
crops or processed goods sold to a foreign country or countries ex: cattle/calves, corn, dairy products/milk, soybeans
26
extensive farming practices
agricultural economics, system of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed ex: human labor, machinery such as tractors, and investment
27
fallow (forest, bush, and short)
subsistence agriculture in which land is cultivated for a period of time and then left uncultivated for several years so that its fertility will be restored ex: increases soil fertility
28
family farms
a farm that is owned and operated by a family, especially one that has been handed down from one generation to another ex: 98% of all the 2.2 million farms in the United States meet the USDA definition of a "family farm"
29
Fertile Crescent
the boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East that was home to some of the earliest human civilizations and is the birthplace of a number of technological innovations, including writing, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation ex: Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan
30
fertilizer
a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility ex: Blood meal, feather meal, fish meal, bone meal and crab meal
31
First Agricultural Revolution
the transition of humans from nomadic hunting/gathering to sedentary agricultural production of domesticated plants and animals ex: Fertile Crescent in the Middle East
32
food deserts
areas where people have limited access to a variety of healthful foods ex: The South and West sides of Chicago are chock full of fast food, not produce
33
food security
the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food ex: soup kitchens, food banks, school lunch programs
34
food insecurity
disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of lack of money and other resources ex: people with type 2 diabetes may find themselves limited to purchasing inexpensive, high-calorie, nutritionally poor foods
35
food-processing facilities
a type of food service establishment that is a commercial operation that processes food for human consumption, and provides processed food for sale and distribution to other business entities such as other food establishments ex: grains, sugar, edible oils, beverages and dairy products
36
global supply chain (food & agriculture)
networks that can span across multiple continents and countries for the purpose of sourcing and supplying goods and services ex: arming, refining, design, manufacturing, packaging, and transportation
37
government subsidies (farming)
a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities ex: These "government subsidies" help reduce the risk farmers endure from the weather, commodities brokers, and disruptions in demand
38
GMO
genetically modified organisms | ex: Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States, and most of it is GMO
39
grain farming
grow grains such as corn, wheat, rye, used for animal feed or as food for people ex: because grain farming is highly mechanized, farmers invest heavily in equipment, land, and buildings
40
green revolution
a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties ex: notable increase in cereal-grains production in Mexico
41
herbicides
a substance that is toxic to plants, used to destroy unwanted vegetation ex: diclofop, dinoseb, diquat, and paraquat
42
high-yield seeds
seeds are of better quality than normal quality seeds, producing more and yielding a healthier crop ex: Paddy, Wheat, Maize
43
horticulture
the art or practice of garden cultivation and management | ex: tree, bush and perennial vine fruits
44
Indus River Valley (relate to farming)
a cultural and political entity which flourished in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent between c. 7000 - c. 600 BCE ex: farmed wheat, barley, peas, lentils, linseed, and mustard; also developed watering systems
45
intensive farming practices
system of cultivation using large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area ex: Pasture intensification, Rotational grazing, Concentrated animal feeding operations
46
irrigation
the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels ex: flooding an entire field, channeling water between rows of plants, spraying water through large sprinklers, or letting water drop onto plants through holes in pipes
47
land cover change
the loss of natural areas, particularly loss of forests to urban or exurban development, or the loss of agricultural areas to urban or exurban development ex: dams currently impact over half of the major river basins across the globe, and future dams are planned in many parts of the developing world for water security
48
land reclamation
process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds ex: Ijsselmeer in the Netherlands
49
linear rural settlements
buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications ex: Quebec, Canada
50
livestock
farm animals regarded as an asset | ex: cattle, chickens, sheep
51
local-food movements
to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place ex: shopping at a farmers market instead of bulk produce from commercialized businesses
52
long lots
granted large acreages of land to seigneurs, who were expected to bring in tenants to settle and work the land ex: Canada
53
market gardening
a place where vegetables and fruit are grown for sale | ex: operation in North America might involve one farmer working full-time on two acres
54
mechanized farming
the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity ex: hay baler
55
mediterranean climate
a climate distinguished by warm, wet winters under prevailing westerly winds and calm, hot, dry summers ex: California, Chile, South Africa, and southwestern Australia
56
metes and bounds
limits or boundaries of a tract of land | ex: natural landmarks, such as rivers, or by man-made structures, such as roads
57
milkshed
a region producing milk for a specific community | ex: St. Louis milkshed
58
mixed crop farming
a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops and the raising of livestock ex: raising cattle and farming wheat
59
monocropping
agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land ex: soybeans, corn
60
monoculture
the cultivation of a single crop in a given area | ex: corn, wheat, rice, clover, cotton
61
nomadic herding
the wandering, but controlled movement of livestock, solely dependent on natural forage – is the most extensive type of land use system ex: sheep and goats
62
organic farming
farming reliant on natural substances and physical, mechanical, or biologically based farming methods to the fullest extent possible ex: use of cover crops, green manures, animal manures and crop rotations to fertilize the soil
63
overfishing
removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate that the species cannot replenish ex: sharks, rays and turtles
64
pastoral nomadism
a way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically ex: Kenya, Iran, India, Somalia
65
pesticides
a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals ex: glyphosate, Acephate, Deet
66
plantation agriculture
large-scale estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops ex: cotton, coffee, tea
67
prime agricultural land
land which is capable of producing acceptable yields of crops with acceptable inputs and minimal environmental damage ex: best suited to food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops
68
ranching
an establishment maintained for raising livestock under range conditions ex: typically cattle
69
ridge tillage
a form of conservation tillage where the farmer builds ridges or raised beds ex: "Ridge tillage" can improve soil health, reduce erosion and runoff
70
rural land-use patterns
pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages ex: typically used for farming due to more land area
71
sawah
n irrigated rice or paddy-field | ex: found in Indonesia or Malaysia
72
Second Agricultural Revolution
revolution involving the introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, and led to a marked increase in agricultural production ex: aka British Agricultural Revolution
73
shifting cultivation
form of agriculture in which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored ex: tropical Africa
74
slash-and-burn agriculture
a form of shifting agriculture where the natural vegetation is cut down and burned as a method of clearing the land for cultivation ex: Central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia
75
soil salinization
the process of increasing the salt content in soil ex: a major process of land degradation that decreases soil fertility and is a significant component of desertification processes in the world's dryland
76
subsistence agriculture
form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade ex: Sub-Saharan Africa
77
survey methods (land)
making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth’s surfaces, used for mapping or construction ex: GPS, laser rangefinder and field computer
78
sustainable land management
a knowledge-based procedure that aims at integrating the management of land, water, biodiversity, and other environmental resources to meet human needs while sustaining ecosystem services and livelihoods ex: regional planning and soil or environmental protection but also in property and estate management
79
swidden
an area of land cleared for cultivation by slashing and burning vegetation ex: monoculture plantations, mostly increases farmers' incomes and give them more access to health and education
80
terraces (farming)
method of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope; though labor-intensive, the method has been employed effectively to maximize arable land area in variable terrains and to reduce soil erosion and water loss ex: rice paddies of Asia
81
Township and Range system
measures the distance north or south from the base line which is a designated parallel and measures east or west from the principle meridian which is a designated meridian ex: range is usually six miles
82
transhumance
the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer ex: James Ranch in Colorado
83
tropical climate
a type of climate typical in the tropics. It is a damp climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18°C ex: Hawaii, Brazil
84
truck farming
horticultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets ex: tomatoes, lettuce, melons
85
undernourishment
having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition ex: Central African Republic
86
urban farming
growing or producing food in a city or heavily populated town or municipality ex: Food Field company
87
value-added specialty crops
change in the physical state or form of the product, in a manner that enhances its value ex: milling wheat into flour or making strawberries into jam, organic products
88
Von Thunen Model
a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market ex: 1) intense farming, 2) forest lands, 3) extensive farming, and 4) grazing
89
wet rice farming/cultivation
the cultivation of rice by planting on dry land, transferring the seedlings to a flooded field, and draining the field before harvesting ex: Vietnam
90
wetland drainage
water is drained by cutting ditches into the ground which collect and transport water out ex: South Florida for agriculture, sugarcane