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USAHS Neuroanatomy Test 2 > Unit 6: Tutoring > Flashcards

Unit 6: Tutoring Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Thalamus

A
  1. Integration and relay of sensory information
  2. Integration and relay of motor control information from cerebellum and basal ganglia to the motor cortex
  3. Gaiting of the passage of sensory and motor info
  4. Transmit states of consciousness from brainstem to cortex
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2
Q

Reciprocal Connections Between Thalamus and Cortex

A
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3
Q

VA (thalamus-cortex connections)

A

Frontal Cortex

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4
Q

VL (thalamus-cortex connections)

A

Motor and Premotor Cortex

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5
Q

VPL & VML (thalamus-cortex connections)

A

Somatosensory Cortex*

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6
Q

MD &. Pulvinar (thalamus-cortex connections)

A

Parieto-Occipital Cortex

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7
Q

LGN (thalamus-cortex connections)

A

Visual Cortex

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8
Q

MGN (thalamus-cortex connections)

A

Auditory Cortex

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9
Q

Main Categories of Thalamic Nuclei

A
  • Relay Nuclei
  • Intralaminar Nuclei
  • Reticular Nuclei
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10
Q

Relay Nuclei (Thalamic Nuclei)

A
  • Specific relay nuclei: Project to primary sensory and motor areas (nuclei located mainly in the thalamus)
  • Widely projecting (non-specific) nuclei: Project to large regions of association corticies involved in behavior orientation
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11
Q

Intralaminar Nuclei (Thalamic Nuclei)

A
  • Lies within internal medullary lamina
  • Main inputs and outputs with basal ganglia
  • Alertness and consciousness
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12
Q

Reticular Nucleus (Thalamic Nuclei)

A
  • Thin sheet lateral to thalamus and medial to internal capsule
  • Does not project to cortex
  • Inputs and outputs are within the thalamus
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13
Q

Main Nuclear Divisons of the Thalamus

A
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14
Q

Ascending Pathways Overview

A
  • Posterior/Dorsal Column Medial Lemiscal: Facilulus Gracilis & Faciculus Cuneatus)
  • Anterolateral System: Spinothalamic, Spinoreticular, & Spinomesencephalic Tract)
  • Ventral & Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
  • Cuneocerebellar
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15
Q

■ Spinothalamic (ALS)

A

-Identifies that there is pain (“I’m stepping on something sharp”)
-Located in Cortex
-A Pain (fast & acute)
● Location & intensity of pain/temperature (noxious stimuli)

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16
Q

Spinoreticular (ALS)

A
  • Adds emotional/arousal component (“Ouch, that shit hurts”)
  • Located in Pons
  • C Pain (chronic & slow)
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17
Q

Spinomesencephalic (ALS)

A
  • Identifies that pain is feeling better (pain modulation)

- Located in Midbrain

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18
Q

Sensory and Motor Spinal Cord Pathways

A
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19
Q

Somatotropic Organization of Posterior Column and Anterolateral Pathways in the Spinal Cord

A 
PCML (vibration, proprioception, fine touch)
-UE: Lateral (faciculus cuneatus)
-LE: Medial (faciculus gracilis)
ALS (pain, temp, crude touch)
-UE: Medial
-LE: Lateral
20
Q

Sensory Neuron Fiber Types

A

Group 1: A-alpha
Group 2: A-beta
Group 3: A-delta
Group 4: C

21
Q

Group 1: A-alpha Fibers (Sensory Neuron Fiber Types)

A
  • Found in: Spinocerebellar Tract
  • Receptors: Muscle Spindles & Golgi Tendon Organs
  • Modalities: Proprioception
22
Q

Group 2: A-beta Fibers (Sensory Neuron Fiber Types)

A 
Found in: DCML tract
Receptors/Modalities
-Muscle Spindle: Proprioception
-Meissner's Corpuscle: Superficial Touch
-Merkel's Receptor: Superficial Touch
-Pacinian Corpuscle: Deep touch, Vibration
-Ruffini Ending: Deep touch, Vibration
-Hair Receptor: Touch, Vibration
23
Q

Group 3: A-delta Fibers (Sensory Neuron Fiber Types)

A

Found in: Anterolateral Spinothalmic Tract (ALS)
Receptors: Bare Nerve Ending
Modalities: Pain (sharp), Temp (cold), Itch

24
Q

Group 4: C Fibers (Sensory Neuron Fiber Types)

A

Found in: Lateral Spinothalmic Tract (ALS)
**ONLY FIBERS NOT MYELINATED
Receptors: Bare Nerve Ending
Modalities: Pain (dull/achy), Temp (warm), Itch

25
Q

Posterior/Dorsal Column Medial Lemiscal Pathway (PCML/DCML-Main Long Tracts)

A

Fibers: I & II
Function: Vibration, Joint Proprioceptiotion, Fine Touch
Starts in: Spinal Cord (T6&below: Gracilis, T6&above: Cuneatus)
Decussation: Internal arcuate fibers in caudal (lower) medulla)
-Synapses: in VPL of thalamus
Stops: Primary Somatosensory Cortex

26
Q

Anterolateral System (ALS-Main Long Tracts)

A

Fibers: III & IV
Function: Pain, Temp, Crude Touch (Key role in pain: esp sharp, acute)
Decussation: Anterior Commissure (spinal cord)

27
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway (of the ALS)

A

Function: Identifying Pain, Temp, Crude Touch, Itch, Tickle
-Starts: Spinal cord
-Decussates: Immediately in the anterior white commissure of sc
-Synapses: in VPL of the thalamus (a pain: sharp, acute pain, c pain: chronic pain “ouch” sensation)
Stops: Primary somatosensory cortex

28
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract- LCST (Lateral Motor System)

A

Functions: Contralateral extremity control (control all voluntarty, fine, skilled movements of opp extremities
Starts: Primary Motor Cortex
Decussations: Pyramidal Decussation at cervicomedullary junction (caudal medulla)
Ends: Entire cord
2 Neuron Pathway: 1st order (UMN), 2nd order (LMN/alpha motor neuron)
Lesions above (UMN): Contralateral weakness
Lesions below: Ipsilateral Weakness
Descends down to the brainstem, then 85-90% of fubers cross over to the contralateral sidem at the pyramidal decussation located at the cervicomedullary junction (forament magnum) to enter the lateral portions of the SC (remaining 10-15% goes to the anterior corticospinal tract)

29
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Tract (Medial Motor System)

A

Functions: Motor of bilateral neck and trunk (tone, posture, extension, control of neck; Voluntary movements of biaxial and girdle musculature (proximal muscles)
Starts: Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)- ACT is remaining 10-15% of LCST fibers that did not cross over at pyramidal
*Bifurcates: in Spinal Cord (remains ipsilateral until it bifurcates at spinal cord to innervate both sides of the trunk muscles)
Ends: Upper thoracic region

30
Q

Reticulospinal Tract (Medial Motor System)

A

Functions: Pontine (extensor muscles)/Medullary (flexor muscles) (both posture & gait)
Starts: Pontine & Medullary Reticular Formations (reciprocally)
Decussations: DOES NOT!
Ends: Entire Cord
-Both descend ipsilateral through entire cord
-Enter anterior horn and synapse on medial LMN (alpha motor neurons that go to muscles)

31
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

Functions: Coordination of head/eye
Starts: Superior Colliculus (Tectum of the midbrain)
Descends: Contrallaterally, endters anterior horn
Decussations: Dorsal Tegmental Decussation
Ends: Cervical Region

32
Q

Rubrospinal Tract (Lateral Motor System)

A

Functions: UE FIne Motor (fast finger movement)
Starts: Red Nucleus
Decussations: IMMEDIATELY at Ventral Tegmental Decussation
Ends: Cervical Region
(Descends through pons and medull, then into lateral spinal cord to enter the anterior horn and synapse with LMN
-Lesions to one entire half of the midbrain would result in bilateral deficits
-Lesion below the decussation - Ipsilateral to lesion has weakness

33
Q

Lateral Vestubulospinal Tract (Medial Motor System)

A 
Functions: Balance
Starts: Lateral Vestibulospinal nucleus
*Bifurcates: DOES NOT
Spilts and descends: Iipsilaterally
Ends: Entire cord
34
Q

Medial Vestubulospinal Tract (Medial Motor System)

A 
Functions: Head/neck control
Starts: Medial Vestibulospinal nucleus
*Bifurcates: IMMEDIATELY at medial vestibular nucleus
Spilts and descends: Bilaterally
Ends: Cervical region
35
Q

Weird Image (probz should figure out wtf it means)

A
36
Q

Spinal Cord Syndromes

A
  1. Transverse Cord Lesion
  2. Hemicord/Brown-Sequard
  3. Central Cord Lesion (small vs. large)
  4. Posterior Cord Lesion
  5. Anterior Cord Lesion
37
Q

Transverse Cord Lesion (Spinal Cord Syndromes)

A
  • Complete lesion
  • Everything below the lesion DOES NOT work
  • NO sensory going UP, NO motor coming DOWN
  • Occurs from fractures and falls
  • Most severe
  • DCML, ALS and Movement ALL affected
38
Q

Hemicord/Brown-Sequard (Spinal Cord Syndromes)

A
  • IPSILATERAL DCML and Motor Loss (movement)
  • CONTRALATERAL ALS (pain/temp) Loss
  • Zone of Leisure: Sprouting above and below lesion
39
Q

Central Cord Lesion- small vs. large (Spinal Cord Syndromes)

A

Affects anterior commissure (decussation site of ALS)

  • Small: Bilateral suspended sensory loss of pain and temp (ALS affected)
  • Large: More corticospinal involvement & DCML (ALS, DCML, and movement affected)
  • Can occur from a tumor
  • More UE involvement if small lesion
  • All body involvement if large lesion (with sacral sparing) *anal wink
40
Q

Posterior Cord Lesion (Spinal Cord Syndromes)

A

-Loss of DCML

41
Q

Anterior Cord Lesion (Spinal Cord Syndromes)

A
  • AFFECTS ALS bilaterally
  • DOES NOT affect DCML
  • Hits some corticospinal tracts
  • Injury to anterior spinal artery
42
Q

CVA

A
  • Damage to 3rd order neuron
  • Presents w/ contralateral symptoms
  • UMN
43
Q

Above vs. Below Decussation

A

Above Decussation: CONTRALATERAL

Below Decussation: IPSILATERAL

44
Q

Brainstem Lesion

A
  • Above Medulla: Contralateral Symptoms

- Below Medulla: Ipsilateral Symptoms

45
Q
A 
Functions: Head/neck control
Starts: Medial Vestibulospinal nucleus
*Bifurcates: IMMEDIATELY at medial vestibular nucleus
Spilts and descends: Bilaterally
Ends: Cervical region

USAHS Neuroanatomy Test 2 (8 decks)

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