Unit 6 Study Guide Flashcards
Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together
2 stimuli or response and their consequence
Classical Conditioning
Where one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (natural
Involuntary/ automatic
Operant Conditioning
Where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Learn through action
Observational (social) learning
Learning by observing others
Behaviorist pyschologists
Unconditioned Stimulus
Naturally occurring stimulus that triggers a response
Unconditioned Response
Naturally occurring response
Conditioned Stimulus
An originally irrelevant / neutral stimulus that after an association w/ US comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response
The learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned response
Learned at the seventh time
Responses are the same outcome
Pavlov’s dog experiment
US - dog food
UR- salivation
CS- sound of a bell
CR- salivation
Orders of conditioning
The farther out a link the weaker the stimulus
Ex dogs can go 3 orders
Watsons little albert
US bang a metal
CS rat (liked at first)
Done at same time
UR neutral
CR fear & anxiety
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response
Break the link between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus to conditioned response
(Wont salivate without association)
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance after a pause (short extinction) of an extinguished conditioned response (salivate at bell again)
Generalization
The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to create similar responses
Discrimination
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimuli
Throndike’s Law of Effect
Behaviors that have a positive outcome tend to be repeated, while negative reinforcements tend to die out
Primary Reinforcer
Satisfies biological needs
Secondary/ conditioned reinforcer
Something that is not naturally a reinforcer
Positive Reinforcer
Presenting a motivating item after a desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior likely to occur
Negative Reinforcement
A response or behavior is stopped by strengthening the negative outcome that follows
Punishment
Any change in a human’s surroundings that occur after a given behavior. Reduces chance of reoccurence
Fixed Ratio
Predicted Behavior
Best for acquiring behaviors
Variable Ratio
Unpredictable Ratio
Ex slot machines
More resistant to extinction
Fixed Interval
Rewardes after a fixed amount of time
TIME
Variable Interval
Waiting for reinforcement after a random amount of time
WAITING/ CHECKING
Flooding
Dears with fears more often gets rid of the fears
Taste aversion
Linking food with vomit
Phobia
Bad experience or event makes a bad association
Learned helplessness
When you realize you can’t escape a struggle so you give up
Shaping
Break down complex behaviors into multiple steps
Reward each step
More reward closer to each task
How children learn to be aggressive
Children learn observantly
Best way to learn agressiveness is coping
Mechanisms
How to learn from a textbook
SQ3R Survey Question Read Recite Review
Acquisition
Links neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to trigger the conditioned response
Cs=r
Generalization
Tendency to respond the same way to different stimuli
Discrimination
The ability to percieve and respond to differences among stimuli
Modeling
Demonstrating appropriate behavior to be learned
Mirror neurons- observational learning
Bilogical predisposition
Dont need an event to dislike something like a taste aversion
Genetic
Intrinsic Motivation
Want something for yourself
Internal
Extrinsic motivation
Outside pressure required to preform desired behavior
Learning
A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Habituation
An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure
Latent Learning
Learning becomes obvious only once reinforcement is given for demonstarting it
