Unit 6: Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination Flashcards
Stereotype
cognitive components of attitudes towards a social group
beliefs(expectations) about what a particular group is like
what is the glass ceiling effect?
invisible barrier, prevents women from advancing to high status positions, even if qualified
womanly traits-> less suitable, more suitable as “support roles”
What is the glass cliff effect?
women are more likely to gain access to high status positions during crisis (communal attributes)
men stereotypical leadership attributes -> not working(seen historically by organisation)
What is tokenism, how does it reinforce stereotype and maintain status quo?
Only few members of a previously excluded group are admitted
-> evidence that discrimination doesn’t exist anymore, obscures the structural nature that minorities still face
make limited inclusion of minorities appear fair
whats the bechdel test
measure used to evaluate the representation of women in movies
2+ Women
talked to each other
about other than man
what are the effects of tokenism on complaints about discrimination?
-complaining (draws attention) -> lead to improvement
-complaints may be viewed as avoiding personal responsib.(sus)
-complainers group may disapprove of the discrimination claims if gives imagine of unjustified complainers
- complaint appropriate+improve situation= support given
how do stereotypes work as schemas?
- guide what we ATTEND to and affect how we PROCESS social info
- pay attention more often to info consistent with our stereotype
- we dont modify our activated form but instead create SUBTYPES (those not congruent with stereotype )
what is the definition prejudice
reflects a negative response to another person based solely on that persons membership in a particular group
not personal(towards the person) , but affective reaction to category
what does expressing prejudice in overt discrimination depend on
- perceived norms
- acceptability of doing so
How does prejudice alter information processing and lead to discrimination?
ppl focus more on info related to the target of prejudice
high prejudice-> prioritize learning group membership of individual(“essence”)
Consistently categorizing reinforces -> legitimization-> discrimination
how emotions -> discriminatory actions, and how can prejudice be reduced?
Underlying emotion of prejudice shapes discriminatory action
To reduce prejudice, the specific emotion driving it must be addressed at its root
What role do incidental feelings and implicit associations play in prejudice?
incidental feelings (unrelated to out-group) can create automatic prejudice, often through implicit associations triggered by categorization
what are the three origins of prejudice?
1) Threat to self-esteem
2) Competition for resources as a source of prejudice
3) Cognitive effects of social categorisation
How does threat to self-esteem start prejudice
Ingroup Favouritism-> threat of groups value or image-> retaliation -> derogate the source of the threat (even minor threats, *advantaged groups)
Reducing: Recategorization, reminding ppl who value their ingroup identity-> more inclusive identity(lower perception of threat)
how can competition for resources be a source of prejudice?
Zero-sum outcomes; demand is in short-supply-> one group gets it, the other cannot
Members of group increasingly view each other in negative terms-> draw boundaries-> enemies-> dehumanization
how can cognitive effects of social categorization be the root of prejudice
SIT-> +belongign group, self-esteem derived from our social group membership
ingroup favoritism + outgroup bias= prejudice
Identity fusion
What is identity fusion?
the self and their group is overlapping
influences emotional responses and extreme behavior
What is Discrimination?
- the behavioral component
- differential action taken towards members of specific social groups
what is modern racism
can involve concealing prejudice from other in a public settings but expressing bigoted attitudes when safe
disguised discrimination
How can implicit racial attitudes be measured, and why is it important?
Implicit racial attitudes can be measured by priming racial stereotypes, showing the faces of diff ethnicity briefly
reveals automatic biases and shows how these attitudes influence behaviors
How do prejudiced individuals maintain a “unprejudiced” self image?
Prejudiced individuals compare themselves to an extreme prototype of bigotry, allowing themselves to seem “less prejudiced” in comparison
What is collective guilt, and how does it affect responses to group wrongdoings?
happens when ppl perceive their group as responsible for unjust actions
can evoke defensive responses, such as denying wrongdoing or blaming the victim to avoid responsibility
What mechanisms justify harmful actions when collective guilt is present?
- Blaming the victim, suggesting they deserved the harm
- Moral disengagement, dehumanizing victims and framing actions as serving a “righteous purpose”
What are some ways of countering prejudice?
Social learning
Contact hypothesis
Re-categorization
Collective guilt
Training in “saying no”
Social influence
How does social learning counter to development of prejudice?
kids adopt their attitudes expressed by other eg parents and get rewarded for supporting them
strong identification w/ parents I. this effect
- same with institutions influencing adults
How does the contact hypothesis help counter prejudice?
Increased contact within groups
-> recognize similarities-> changing categories
-> signals outgroup is no threat(anxiety and prejudice down)
-> indicates “liking the others”
How does recategorization counter prejudice?
when “them” becomes “us”
reduces prejudice towards the (previous seen as) outgroup members
How does collective guilt reduce prejudice?
“guilt by association” when members of in-group behave in a prejudiced fashion
Experiment results: more collective guilt= less prejudice
How does training in “saying no” help reduce prejudice?
helps break down automatic associations between group and characteristics
repeatedly negating stereotypes, individuals can reduce reliance on ingroup vs. outgroup thinking-> decrease in prejudice
how can social influence decrease prejudice?
if individuals views are “out of line”
providing evidence the ingroup likes outgroup member
> change to less prejudiced
groups belief is more salient than individuals beliefs if the persons membership is strong
-> group belief is good predictor
