Unit 6: Respiration Flashcards
pharynx
throat, passageway for both air from nose or mouth and food from mouth
larynx
between pharynx and trachea, contains vocal chords
trachea
windpipe, connects larynx to lungs, uses mucus and cilia to help further purify air
lungs
organs that enable breathing and gas exchange
bronchi
2 large tubes in the chest, each leading into one lung
bronchioles
passageways within each lung, lined with muscles that help regulate size
alveoli
dead ends at the end of bronchioles, sac shaped, site of gas exchange
diaphragm
dome shaped muscle under the lungs, contracts when you breath in, relaxes when you breath out
capillaries
the smallest type of blood vessel, wall is one cell thick to allow for easy diffusion of substances to cells/alveoli
arteries
blood vessels that lead away from the heart, normally oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery), have thicker muscle and high pressure
veins
blood vessels that lead to the heart, normally deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein), have thinner muscle and lower pressure, have valves to prevent backflow
red blood cells
a type of blood cells, contains hemoglobin, responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body
hemoglobin
a substance in red blood cells that binds to oxygen
heart
an organ/muscle in the chest that pumps blood to the lungs and body
septum
the wall in the middle of the heart that divides the left and right sides, keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
atrium
upper chamber that receives blood, left atrium from lungs, right atrium from body
ventricles
lower chamber that pumps blood out of the heart
aorta
an artery that pumps (oxygenated) blood from the heart to the body, arc shaped
vena cava
a vein that receives (deoxygenated) blood from the body
pulmonary artery
an artery that pumps (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs
pulmonary vein
a vein that receive (oxygenated) blood from the lungs
erythropoietin (EPO)
a hormone produced when there is not enough oxygen in the blood, causes more red blood cells to be produced
pulmonary circulation
carries blood between the heart and lungs, oxygen poor blood goes to lungs, and oxygen rich blood returns to the heart, made up of pulmonary arteries, veins, capillaries
systemic circulation
Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, oxygen rich blood goes to body, oxygen poor blood returns to heart, made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries
mitochondria
a cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place (link reaction, Krebs cycle, ETC), has an inner and outer membrane, intermembrane space, and matrix
cellular respiration
the process by which glucose is broken down to produce ATP (energy)
aerobic
occurs with oxygen
anaerobic
occurs without oxygen
fermentation
an anaerobic process that allows cells to continue to produce ATP without oxygen
glycolysis
“sugar braking,” occurs in the cytoplasm, one glucose is broken down into two pyruvic acids, net 2 ATP (2 go in, 4 produced), 2 NADH
link reaction
one CO2 and NADH are produced, pyruvic acid loses a carbon (to CO2) and coenzyme A is added on to create acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
occurs in the matrix of a mitochondria after link reaction, products: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, reactants: 1 pyruvic acid, rest of molecules are recycled
electron transport chain
occurs in the inner membrane, NADH and FADH2 supply electrons to go through the chain, combine with H+ and O2 at the end to form H2O, ATP synthase used to produce ATP, reactants: O2, NADH, FADH2, ADP, products: NAD+, FAD, H2O, ~32 ATP
ATP synthase
an enzyme in the inner membrane of mitochondria, facilitates the movement of H+ across the membrane harnessing the energy and producing ATP
FAD
an electron acceptor molecule that goes into the Krebs cycle and is a product of the ETC, becomes FADH2 after accepting electrons
NAD+
an electron acceptor molecule that goes into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and is a product of the ETC, becomes NADH after accepting electrons
glucose
a simple sugar, the “input” in cellular respiration
pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
a three-carbon molecule that is a product of glycolysis and reactant of the link reaction
acetyl-CoA
product of the link reaction, reactant of Krebs cycle, made up of acetic acid (2 carbon molecule) and coenzyme A (CoA)
citric acid
6 carbon molecule produced in the Krebs cycle when 4-carbon molecule oxaloacetate combines with acetyl CoA, turned back into oxaloacetate by the end of the cycle (carbon lost as 2 CO2)
ATP
a molecule with high chemical energy, made of an adenosine and 3 phosphorus groups, produced in cellular respiration, needed by cells for energy
