Unit 2: Biomolecules Flashcards
polar
a molecule that has a partial positive charge in some spot and a partial negative in another
nonpolar
a molecule with no charges or partial charges
hydrophilic
polar, attracted to water
hydrophobic
nonpolar, not attracted to water
adhesion
attraction between molecules of the different substances
cohesion
attraction between molecules of the same substance
hydrogen bond
a strong intermolecular force between a H atom and a F, O, or N atom
electronegativity
how well an atom attracts electrons, chemical property
heat capacity
amount of energy required to heat up a substance, stronger IMF=more energy needed
density
how close atoms are packed together, mass per unit of volume
pH scale
concentration of H+ atoms in a solution, ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic)
atom
basic unit of matter, made of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and rings of electrons
ion
an atom with a charge, different number of electrons and protons
molecule
two or more atoms bonded together, smallest unit of compounds
element
“pure substance” that contains atoms of only one type, distinguished by number of protons, represented by a letter (or two) and has certain properties
functional group
patterns of atoms that are found in various molecules and behave the same way (reactivity, properties)
polymer
larger molecules made of multiple monomers
monomer
smaller molecules
dehydration synthesis
a type of polymerization in which water is produced and macromolecules bond to each other
hydrolysis
a type of de-polymerization in which water is needed for it to happen, molecules separate
polymerization
process in which smaller molecules (monomers) bond to form a larger one (polymers)
de-polymerization
process in which a larger molecule (polymer) splits into smaller ones (monomers)
carbohydrates
made of C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio, used for energy
protein
contain C, H, O, N, and S, polymers made of amino acids, many purposes (regulate, structure, transport)
lipids
mostly C and H atoms, normally unsoluble, fats, oils, and waxes, many purposes, polymers
nucleic acids
contain C, H, O, N, and P, polymers made of nucleotides, ex: RNA, DNA
monosaccharide
simple sugars, type of carb, ex: glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharide
two simple sugar molecules bonded together, ex: sucrose (glucose and fructose)
polysaccharide
complex carbs, many sugar molecules bonded together, store energy ex: glycogen, cellulose
amino acids
monomers consisting of an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and R side chain
polypeptide
chain of amino acids, one or more of which make up a protein
peptide bond
a type of covalent bond that links amino acids together into polypeptides
nucleotide
monomer made of 3 functional groups: a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
saturated fat
fatty acid chain with no double bonded carbons, “saturated” with hydrogens
unsaturated fat
at least one double bonded carbon
trans fat
unsaturated fats that are artificially made saturated by removing double bonded carbons and adding hydrogens
glucose
a simple sugar/monosaccharide, C6H12O6
sucrose
a dissacharide made of glucose and frucose
glycogen
a polysaccharide, stores excess sugar (glucose)
cellulose
a polysaccharide, makes up cell wall in plants, provides structure
triglyceride
a lipid polymer made of a glycerol and three fatty acids
phospholipid
a lipid polymer consisting of a phosphate group, glycerol and two fatty acids
steroid
a type of lipid, do not contain fatty acids, examples include hormones
DNA/RNA
examples of nucleic acids, carries genetic information
hemoglobin
a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen, made of 4 polypeptide chains
6 elements of life
C, H, O, N, P, and S
properties of water (6)
cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, heat capacity, universal solvent, ice floats
hydroxyl
OH
carboxyl
COOH
carbonyl
CO
phosphate
PO4(H2)
amine
NH2
