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AP psychology > unit 6 psych vocab > Flashcards

unit 6 psych vocab Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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3
Q

embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4
Q

fetus

A

the developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

literally monster makers, agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

rooting reflex

A

an automatic, unlearned response of a newborn to a gentle stimulus (like the touch of a finger) applied to the corner of the mouth, or to the cheek in which the infant turns their head and makes sucking motions

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7
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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8
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly change in behavior, relatively influenced by experience

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9
Q

schema(Piaget)

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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10
Q

assimilation(piaget)

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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11
Q

accommodation (Piaget)

A

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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12
Q

temperament

A

a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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13
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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14
Q

object permanence

A

knowing objects still exist even though you can’t see it

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15
Q

preoperational stage

A

in Piagets theory, the stage from about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concretic logic

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16
Q

conservation

A

the principal ( which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as ,ass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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17
Q

egocentrism

A

in piagets theory the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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18
Q

theory of mind (tom)

A

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

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19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (7 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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20
Q

formal operational stage

A

in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning act age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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21
Q

authoritarian

A

a strict style of parenting that places high expectations on children. ex demanding and not responsive

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22
Q

authoritative

A

parenting style where there nurturing, responsive, and supportive yet set firm limits for their children

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23
Q

permissive

A

a type of parenting style characterized by low demands with high responsiveness very loving but not a lot of limits placed

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24
Q

secure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when caregiver leaves, and finds comfort in the caregiver’s return

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25
insecure attachment
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
26
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
27
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves In answer to the question "who am I?"
28
cross-sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
29
longitudinal study
research that follows and retests the same people overtime
30
gender
the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl,man and woman
31
gender role
a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, an traits for males or for females
32
gender identity
our sense of being male, female or some combination of the two
33
transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex
34
relational aggression
an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing
35
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
36
Mary Ainsworth
theory of attachment: children/infant need to develop a secure dependence on their parents before seeking unfamiliar situations,"strange situation" developmental psychologist
37
Diana baumrind
theory on 3 parenting styles, critique on use of deception in psychological research
38
Erik erikson
known for theory that each stage of life is associated w/a specific psychological struggle the struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality, theory of psychosocial development-concept of identity crisis. basic trust, identity and intimacy
39
carol giligan
known for her research into the moral development of girls and women
40
harry harlow
known for monkey maternal seperation experiment showed the importance of nurture
41
Lawrence Kohlberg
known for the theory of mora development preconventional, conventional, post conventional
42
Konrad Lorenz
known for research of the principle of attachment, or imprinting, through which in some species a bond is formed between a newborn animal and its caregiver
43
jean Piaget
swiss and genetic epistemologist, theory of cognitive development; how children develop intellectualy throughout the course of childhood, sensiromotor, concrete
44
lev vygotsky
russian, known for sociocultural theory. believed that social interaction plays a critical role in children's learning
45
Down's syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physician disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
46
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
47
aspergers syndrome
developmental disorder; a form of autism spectrum disorder. differs from autism in one specific way; children with it may have less severe symptoms and no language delay. they may have advanced speech and language but poor pragmetic or socially appropriate language
48
AIDS
(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS deplets the immune system leaving the person vulnerable to infections.
49
neurocognitive disorder
(NCDS) acquired (not life long) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimers, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. in older adults, neurocognitive : disorders were formally called dementia
50
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
51
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly ; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood
52
Alzheimers disease
a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities
53
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features
54
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
55
basic trust
according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
56
menarche
first menstrual period
57
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
58
intimacy
in erikson's theory, the ability to form close loving relationships ; a primary developmental task in young adulthood
59
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
60
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
61
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
62
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genetalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
63
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
64
characteristics
a special quality or trait that makes a person, thing, or group different from others. physical/genetic characteristics
65
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
66
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement
67
androgyny
displaying both traditional and masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
68
intersex
a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones and anatomy ; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes
69
emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

AP psychology (2 decks)

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