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AP Biology 2015-2016 > Unit 6 - Population Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Population Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation, “descent with modification”

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2
Q

Fitness

A

ability to survive AND reproduce

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3
Q

Fossils

A

remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rocks, are used as tools to understand how organisms evolved over time

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4
Q

Fossil Record

A

documents the pattern of evolution to show how present-day organisms differ from past organisms, also shows the evolutionary changes that has occurred in various groups of organisms

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5
Q

Founder effect

A

example of genetic drift, when a new population derived from a larger population is established and the gene pool of the new population differs from the source population, accounts for the relative high frequency of certain genetic disorders, some rare traits may be at high frequency or lost

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6
Q

Gene Flow

A

movement of individuals in and out of a population, can affect how well populations are adapted to local environmental conditions, can transfer alleles that improve the ability of populations to adapt to local conditions, gene flow reduces differences between populations and is becoming increasingly important today due to modern technology

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

consists of all the alleles for every trait at every locus in all members of a population, characterizes the population’s “genetic makeup”

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8
Q

Genetic Drift

A

random/chance events that cause the allele frequency in a population to change, genetic drift is not selective or adaptive, can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations, and is very significant in small populations

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9
Q

Genetic Variation

A

differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments, the main source of genetic variation among human individuals is the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction

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10
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an individual

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11
Q

What are the five conditions/sources of evolution? How do these conditions relate to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

for evolution: -mutations –> changes gene variation of a population -gene flow –> movement of individuals in and out of population (think immigration and emigration) -sexual selection (nonrandom mating) –> individuals with the best adapted traits will be chosen as mates at a higher rate than less adapted individuals because of those traits -genetic drift –> effects variation and adaptability -natural selection –> some individuals are more fit than others and therefore have better chances of survival and reproduction in that environment in HW, none of these conditions can be met to ensure that the population is not evolving. In HW equilibrium, there can be no mutations, gene flow, natural selection, or genetic drift and all mating is random

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12
Q

Give an example of how being a heterozygote for a particular trait is advantageous.

A

Being a heterozygote for the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells is advantageous because being homozygous recessive for this allele causes sickle-cell disease and being homozygous dominant for this allele makes the individual more vulnerable to serious effects of malaria. In total, individuals who are heterozygotes hold the advantage because they are favored over dominant individuals due to their greater fitness level.

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13
Q

Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some _____ survive and reproduce more successfully than others. a) alleles b) gene pools c) species d) individuals e) loci

A

d) individuals

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of selection?

A

1) directional - one extreme is favored / ex: mice with light colored fur are favored over mice with dark colored fur 2) disruptive - both extremes are favored / ex: mice with lighter and darker colored fur are favored over mice with grey colored fur 3) stabilizing - the intermediate trait is favored against the two extremes / ex: grey colored fur is favored over light and dark colored fur

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15
Q

In a population of 600 squirrels, the per capita birth rate in a particular period is 0.06 and the per capita death rate is 0.12. a) what is the per capita growth rate of the population? b) what is the actual number of squirrels that die during this period? c) what is the actual number of squirrels born during this period?

A

a) r=0.0001 solution: use exponential growth equation. -change in individuals = 0.06 (death - birth) -N = 600 -r = ? b) 72 squirrels solution: multiply 600 by 0.12 c) 36 squirrels solution: multiply 600 by 0.06

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16
Q

what is natality

A

birthrate

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17
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectivley reproducing changes in its genotype, or genetic constitution

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18
Q

what is a niche

A

the specific area an organism inhabits

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19
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the physical appearence or biochemical charecteristic of an organism as a result of its interaction with the genotype and the environment

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20
Q

what is phylogeny

A

the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms

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21
Q

what is polyploidy

A

having a chromosne number that is more than double the basic or haploid number

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22
Q

what is a population

A

a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

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23
Q

what is postzygotic isolation

A

a type of reproductive isolating mechanism which comes into play after gameates of two different species have fused to create a hybrid zygote

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24
Q

what is prezygotic evolution

A

a type of reproductive isolating that occures before the formation of the zygote can take place, include spatial, behavioral, mechanical and temporal

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25
Q

what us punctuated equillibrium

A

a hypothesis holding that the evolution of species proceeds in a charecteristic pattern of relative stability for long periods of time interspersed with much shorter periods during which many species become extinct and many species emerge.

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26
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Intentionally reproducing a certain individuals to receive desired traits

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27
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

“self-nourishing”, an organism that synthesizes its food from organic compounds

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28
Q

What is binomial distribution?

A

system of naming species, consists of two words (often Latin)

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29
Q

What is biogeographic distribution?

A

Distribution of different species in different geographic regions

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30
Q

What is a biotic factor?

A

Any living organism that affects an ecosystem

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31
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

If there is a sudden change in the environment, the size of a population may decrease drastically causing certain alleles to be overrepresented and others underrepresented by chance

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32
Q

What is a carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population a specific environment can sustain with its given resources

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33
Q

What are cladistics?

A

A method of classifying organisms based on the number of characteristics shared between them

34
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

A branching diagram used to show the cladistic relationship between a given set of organisms

35
Q

What is coevolution?

A

Occurs when two or more species affect each other’s evolution

36
Q

What is a community?

A

A group of populations of different species in an area

37
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Occurs when very different organisms evolve certain structures with similar functions

38
Q

Who was Darwin and what are his most famous ideas?

A

An English biologist who is known for his book on the origin of species through natural selection and more specifically genetics and evolution.

39
Q

What is meant when factors are considered density dependent?

A

Occurs when the population is near the carrying capacity; favors those who successfully compete for resources and do not reproduce as often

40
Q

What is meant when factors are considered density independent?

A

Occurs when the population is not near the carrying capacity; favors individuals who reproduce early, quickly, and in large numbers.

41
Q

What are derived characteristics?

A

traits shared by the members of a group of organisms with many similarities, known as a clade

42
Q

What is directional selection?

A

a type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the mean or other extreme

43
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

a type of natural selection that favors the extreme phenotypes and selects against the average individual.

44
Q

When does divergent evolution occur?

A

Occurs when a species evolves into two or more descendent or different species

45
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes. It states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiosis between separate single-celled organisms.

46
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

growth whose rate increases as the total population number increases

47
Q

Organisms such as plants, which make their own food, are called _____________.

A

autotrophs

48
Q

The Earth’s human carrying capacity:

A

Will decrease over time because resources are being depleted.

49
Q

In a population where the allele frequency shifts by random chance, the mechanism of evolution at work is ______________.

A

Natural selection

50
Q

Describe coevolution and give an example of species that coevolved.

A

the process that occurs when two species influence each other during evolution. For example, an insect may evolve specialized parts that allow it to feed on a specific flower, whereas the flower evolves to facilitate pollination by that particular insect.

51
Q

Describe what a biological community is.

A

an interacting group of various species in a common location. For example, a forest of trees and undergrowth plants, inhabited by animals and rooted in soil containing bacteria and fungi.

52
Q

Provide an example of convergent evolution.

A

Flight has evolved in both bats and insects, and they both have wings, which are adaptations to flight. However, the wings of bats and insects have evolved from very different original structures.

53
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

A

More individuals are produced each generation that can survive. Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable. Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.

54
Q

Describe the difference between k-selection and r-selection.

A

The r selected species live in populations that are highly variable. The fittest individuals in these environments have many offspring and reproduce early. K selected species live in populations that are at or near equilibrium conditions for long periods of time. Competitive for limited resources is very important in these environments.

55
Q

The tendency for human infants to weigh 7 lbs at birth is an example of what kind of selection?

A

Stabilizing selection

56
Q

Competition between two races within a species over time might lead to two different species through ___________ selection if they _________________ the resource.

A

disruptive ; use different portions of

57
Q

How does punctuated equilibrium describe an evolutionary change?

A

Through geological events that are brief in between long periods based on fossil records

58
Q

How does random mating affect if a population is evolving?

A

If there is random mating, then the population will evolve overtime comapred to non random mating

59
Q

How does sexual selection playa role in human evolution?

A

It has been suggested that the human brain is itself a product of sexual selection and it chooses traits that would help their offspring survive, making that trait more common overtime.

60
Q

How are species formed?

A

There can be one of four ways. Separation: the formation of geologic barriers, separate a population from each other and each group to evolves differently depending on its environment. Reproductive barriers: a population is isolated by a process such as separation and evolves so that it can no longer mate with the other population. Genetic mutation: changes in genetic compositions.

61
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

It is a type of natural selection when genetic diversity goes down and the over all populations stable.

62
Q

What are the three different types of survivor ship curves?

A

-Type I survivor ship curves are recognized by specific survival probability by age, followed by a rapid decline in survival in later life. -Type II where roughly constant mortality rate/survival probability is experienced regardless of age. -In Type III curves, the greatest mortality is experienced early in life, with relatively low rates of death for those surviving this bottleneck.”

63
Q

Why are some species known to be sympathetic if they are “sister species”?

A

Sympathetic speciation is when new species evolve from a single ancestral species living the same geographic region. Sympathetic and sympathy refer to organisms whose ranges overlap or are even identical, so that they occur together at least in some places.

64
Q

How do systematic relate to taxonomy?

A

Systematic practices taxonomy such as naming, describing, identifying.

65
Q

How does taxonomy help identifying by studying speciman?

A

One of the well-known functions that taxonomists do is the naming of organisms with a generic and specific name, which is sometimes followed up with a sub-species name.

66
Q

What is a habitat?

A

the location or environment where an organism is most likely to be found/normally lives

67
Q

If a population experiences no migration, is very large, has no mutations, has random mating, and there is no selection, which of the following would you predict?

A

The make up of the population’s gene pool will remain virtually the same as long as these conditions hold. The conditions described all contribute to genetic equilibrium, where it would be expected for initial gene frequencies to remain constant generation after generation.

68
Q

A heterotroph is an organism that derives its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances. Are fungi heterotrophs?

A

Yes, fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorptopn. Usually fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings wich breaks down the complex molecules into smaller organic compouds that they can absorb.

69
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

parts of the body that are similar in structure to other species’ comparative parts. They prove as evidence that life on Earth has a common ancient ancestor that the diverse species have evolved from over time.

70
Q

What are offspring?

A

offspring that result from an interspecific mating

71
Q

How do you calculate logistic growth in a population?

A

dN/dt = rmaxN[(K-N)/K] where the carrying capacity is represented by K

72
Q

Why might organisms migrate?

A

Organisms migrate, a regular long-distance change in location, for better living. Organisms migrate mainly to withstand weather changes, have access to better food, or to reproduce in a specific area

73
Q

What is morphology?

A

the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures

74
Q

When does population growth occur?

A

When mortality rates are greater than death rates

75
Q

What are causes of mutations?

A

exposure to specific chemicals or radiation which cause the DNA to break down

76
Q

What are sister groups?

A

two lineages sharing a common ancestor from which no other lineage has sprung sibilings

77
Q

Interactions between organisms in a community can be commensalism, mutualism (or symbiosis), or parasitism. What type of interaction is barnacles and whales?

A

Commensalism because the barnacles get nutrients from floating plankton or other food materials around the whales, as well as transportation, and the whale is not harmed or benefited in any matter.

78
Q

How does disruptive selection effect evolution?

A

the population goes against the mean, towards both extremes

79
Q

What type of reproductive isolation has to do with pysical barriers?

A

allopatric speciation. allopatric meaning “other country”

80
Q

What is “cladistics”?

A

formilization of procedures that shows origins of trates

81
Q

What are causes of mutations?

A

exposure to specific chemicals or radiation which cause the DNA to break down

AP Biology 2015-2016 (9 decks)

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