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Motivation and Emotion > Unit 6: Motivation Theories > Flashcards

Unit 6: Motivation Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different approaches in motivational psychology?

A

Biological, behavioural, cognitive

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2
Q

Which ones are the most relevant today?

A

The biological and cognitive however each have been predominant at some point

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3
Q

What do biological theories focus on?

A

On understanding the organic bases that underlie motivation and behaviour

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4
Q

Name some of the biological theories included

A

Evolutionary theories
- natural selection & theory of use and disuse
Ethological theories
- appetitive/ consummatory and Lorenz hydraulic model
Theories of homeostasis & regulation
- peripheral and central
Neurobiology

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5
Q

What is the natural selection theory ?

A

By Charles Darwin
Individuals with genetic characters that allow better interacting with environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing down to future generations

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6
Q

What is the theory of use and disuse

A

Body parts tender to be maintain and developed unless not used which then atrophy

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7
Q

Is is evolution or learning according to the evolutionary theory?

A

Recognise its both learning and genetics

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8
Q

What is ethology

A

Studies biological aspects of behaviour of individuals in their natural environment
Studies function and evolution of behaviour , animal studies

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9
Q

How is the instinctive behaviour in ethnologist studies divided?

A

2 phases related to a specific goal
Appetitive: approach where individual carries out actions to achieve goal
Consummatory: execution phase of specific behavioural pattern that materialise instinctively once goal achieved

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10
Q

What is Lorenz hydraulic model?

A

After obtaining and accumulating energy= probability behaviour increase
The more energy the lower the response threshold to stimulus

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11
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Dynamic balance that continually adjusts to adapt the internal and external change in organism environments

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12
Q

What are the two theories o intention of locating the function of homeostasis

A

Peripheral-> physical signs of the body, coming from organs
Central -> function of the brain of managing homeostasis and motivation

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13
Q

What is the neurobiological approach

A

Focuses on locating the biological substrate of homeostatic mechanisms and approach and avoidance motivational system

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14
Q

What is activation?

A

Process occurs in body when it need to carry out important activities

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15
Q

How does it your body lead up to activation?

A

Activation occurs when stimulus detected therefore needs to respond (motor activity), either do action or avoid it

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16
Q

What implication does activation have on physiological, cognitive and motor aspects?

A

Physiological-> excitation of neurons, active sympathetic system and certain glands or organs
Cognitive-> analyse significance of stimulus and lead to decision making
Motor-> when decision made, body prepares physically

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17
Q

What is the role of the reticular- cortical-formation?

A

The network of neuronal structures facilitates
- attention and activation
in response to external and internal stimuli

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18
Q

What is the role of the dorsolateral area of the frontal lobe?

A

Triggers series of neuronal processes that coordinate motor activation

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19
Q

What does thornfike suggest in relation to behavioural theories?

A

Consequences of a respond influence probability of repeated occurrence based on consequences

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20
Q

How is motivation defined

A

Force that act on an organism to imitate and direct its behaviour( internal/ external forces)

21
Q

What is the impulse theory

A

Our behavior is driven by internal energy that arise from needs of the organism
This motivates us to seek ways to satisfy those needs and reduce drive

22
Q

What was wood worth contribution to the impulse theory?

A
  • magnitude of impulse(strength)
  • dimensions of approach (situation and circumstance)
  • Continuity or behaviour (until need satisfied)
23
Q

What is the incentive according to the impulse theory

A

Goal objects that motivate our behavior and acts as guide us to them
Generators of energy, emotions and carriers of information

24
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Neutral stimuli can acquire potential character of motivation through association
Eg little albert

25
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour changed through consequences
Reinforcement had motivating role and increased the likelihood of recurrence

26
Q

Types of reinforcement and punishment according to operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcer= add a situation you enjoy
Negative reinforcer= Eliminate a situation you hate
Positive punishment= add a situation you hate
Negative punishment= eliminate a situation you enjoy

27
Q

What is observational learning (vicarious reinforcement)?

A

Observing the consequence of another individuals which influences occurrence of the behaviour in the future

28
Q

What is the relative reinforcement theory?

A

David Premack
- reinforcers= consummatory behavior
Eg Candy is not reinforcer, eating action is

29
Q

What are cognitive theories?

A

Perceptual, attentional, emotional and memory processes interact in analysis of stimuli from environment and thoughts

30
Q

Explain the cognitive model precedents by Edward C. Tolman

A

Animals developers a cognitive knowledge of the environment found in
Not only associations

31
Q

What is latent learning

A

Learning that can occur without immediate manifestation in observable behavior

32
Q

What is psychological distance by Kurt Lewin

A

Distance between their current state and desired goal
Influence strength of motivation

33
Q

What are aspiration levels and expectations (Kurt lewin)

A

Aspirational level= what an individual wants to achieve
Expectations= individuals estimates of their ability to achieve the goals

34
Q

What are values and expectations according to rotters expectation value theories?

A

Values-> importance or level of desire on a specific goal compared to others
Expectations -> subjective estimates about probability of achieving given goal (situational factors)

35
Q

Why is self efficacy important?

A

A person belief regarding their own competence to preform an actin in a reasonably acceptable manner

36
Q

What would a greater self efficacy mean for goals set and locus of control?

A

Higher level of goal set
Higher levels of internal locus of control

37
Q

What does the achievement value/ expectancy motive theory include

A

Motivation to pursue goal is influence by assessment of probability of success
Involves past experiences

38
Q

What are the effects of coercion and audience on people

A

Can activate energy resources that increase persons motivation and performance

39
Q

Motivation and performance increase as a result of direct action of other people who compete with her on the same task, what effect?

A

Duress effect

40
Q

Influence of other is manifested through a situation of passivity, such as observation, what effect

A

Audience effect

41
Q

How does social inhibition occur?

A

When people observed don’t have the capabilities = activation of response, decrease in motivation

42
Q

How does observer status affect a person?

A

Impact response activation
Higher status= greater activation

43
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Presence of others decreases the sense of individual responsibility and perception of seriousness
Lead to lower likelihood in taking action

44
Q

What is accordance in social motivation?

A

It is tendency of individuals to respond in manner consistent with majority
Lack of personal involvement = more likely to conform

45
Q

Obedience and its relation to authority and morals

A

Higher authority= more likely to commit behaviour told
If behaviour is against our morals it’s easier to go against it

46
Q

Explain cognitive consonance and dissonance

A

Consonance -> harmonious relationship between thoughts, beliefs, attitude and behaviours
Dissonance -> conflictive relationship

47
Q

What does cognitive dissonance lead to?

A

Experience of tension which motivates individual to solve

48
Q

What is the reversibility theory ?

A

We alternate between two states
- teltic, motivation towards persistent activities towards long term goal
- paratelic, motivation towards activities that seek immediate gratification and no prelonged effort

Motivation and Emotion (5 decks)

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