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APES > Unit 6 - Land and Water Use > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Land and Water Use Flashcards

1
Q

Open-access renewable

A

Renewable resources that can be used by almost everyone

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2
Q

Examples of open-access renewable resources

A
  • atmosphere
  • open ocean
  • fishes
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3
Q

Examples of shared resources

A
  • grasslands
  • forests
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4
Q

Why does degradation of a shared or open-access resource occur?

A

Cumulative effect of many people trying to exploit a shared resource, degrading and eventually exhausting/ruining it

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5
Q

How to deal with Tragedy of the Commons

A
  • use at a rate well below its estimated sustainable yield (use less/regulating)
  • convert shared renewable resources to private ownership (not practical for open-access resources —> more likely to protect your own investments)
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6
Q

Commons

A

An area used by everyone but regulated by no one
*public not private
* must be a renewable resource

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7
Q

Examples of Commons

A
  • rangelands
  • air
  • forests
  • fishing areas
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8
Q

Sustainable use of the commons

A
  • hunting/fishing licenses
  • land use permits
  • country quotas (pollution, fish harvest)
  • selective cutting of trees
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9
Q

Ecological and ecosystem services of FORESTS

A
  • habitat
  • aids in soil formation + soil retention
  • moderates local climate
  • serves as a food source
  • removes air/water pollutants
  • increases albedo of Earth
  • serves role in matter cycling (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
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10
Q

Economic benefits of FORESTS

A
  • grazing for livestock
  • agriculture land for shade-tolerant plants
  • ecotourism + aesthetic related use
  • impact on nearby real estate values
  • source of agriculture products
  • source of potential medicine
  • source of land for other uses (mining, residency)
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11
Q

Impacts of Clearcutting on TERRESTRIAL ecosystems

A
  • more soil erosion w/o protection of trees
  • decreased albedo (warmer soil, more evaporation)
  • mudslides/landslides
  • more runoff, less groundwater recharging
  • more CO2 in atmosphere
  • animal that live in the heart of the forest can emerge to interact with humans and spread new diseases (zoonotic)
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12
Q

Zoonotic

A

Spreading new diseases (humans —> animal)

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13
Q

Impact on AQUATIC environments

A
  • more runoff (picks up soil, nutrients, pollution)
  • turbidity
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14
Q

Turbidity

A

Amount of suspended solids in the water

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15
Q

Increase in turbidity

A
  • decrease in aquatic primary productivity
  • decrease in albedo
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16
Q

Increase in water temperature

A
  • decreased in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels
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17
Q

Increase in nutrient load

A
  • eutrophication (8.5)
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18
Q

Sustainable Yield

A

Harvest the maximum amount of possible while leaving enough trees of various ages that the forest can still provide ecosystem services

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19
Q

Selective cutting

A

The practice of harvesting “select” trees leaving an un-even aged stand w/multiple age classes

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20
Q

Alternatives to trees

A
  • composite wood
  • particle board from straw
  • bamboo
  • hemp fiber
  • palm leaves
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21
Q

Educated Consumer Choices

A
  • Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
  • wood came from a well-managed forest w/lower-impact logging method
  • reuse + recycle
  • go to second-hand store
  • recycled/reclaimed wood
  • refinish a piece of furniture
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22
Q

Reforestation

A

(Non-profit organizations)
- the Nature Conservancy - Plant a Billion Trees: locates areas in the US and works with/govt, landowners + other stakeholders to restore native forests
- Tree Farms

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23
Q

Tree Farms

A

Works w/landowners + give them the tools to be effective stewards of our nations forests

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24
Q

Debt for nature

A

Landowners enter into a conservation contract to restrict development of land for a period of time (10-100 years) in exchange to loan forgiveness

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25
Commercial Fishing Techniques: Long-line
- any depth - up to 28 miles long P: v efficient C: can lead to overfishing, no target species can be caught
26
Commercial Fishing Techniques: Drift net/gill net
- miles and miles long net - pulled along behind ships P: v efficient C: leads to overfishing, bycatch
27
Commercial Fishing Techniques: Purse Seine
- net w/2 drawstrings - entire school of fish can be captured P: efficient C: overfishing, by-catch
28
Commercial Fishing Techniques: Trawling
- net damaged through the water along the bottom - cuts down any ecosystem an button of the ocean P: efficient C: overfishing, by-catch
29
Sonar
- work by emitting pulses of sound + measuring the return strength - anything diff density than water returns sound - indicates where to set net - interferes w/navigational system of marine species Ex: whales + dolphins
30
Bycatch
- no target species caught in nets/fishing lines - NOT returned to the ocean - processed or disposed of
31
How to make fishing more sustainable
- catch limits based on MSY - limit age/size of fish caught - modify technique to reduce by catch - laws/treaties that protect critical species
32
Effects of modifying fishing techniques
- prevents bycatch - TED: turtle exclusion device
33
Effects of implementing laws + treaties
Great White shark protected by CITES
34
Effects of consumer pressure
If consumers only purchase ish harvest sustainably, commercial fishing operation will shift toward more sustainable methods
35
Aquaculture
Farming of aquatic organisms - breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, plants, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments - growers build aquatic ecosystems by stocking the organisms, feeding them and protecting them from disease + predators
36
Why is aquaculture seen as an environmental solution?
- wild fish harvests have been largely flat/decreasing worldwide since 1990s - middle class expands in developing nations, the demand for quality protein sources is increasing - acreage + water consumption
37
Downside of Aquaculture
- waste from organisms can pollute waterways w/excess nitrogen (algae blooms + hypoxia conditions) - uneaten food pellets from pens can pollute waterways - farmed organisms may escape from pens + interbred/compete w/wild organisms (lowers biodiversity) - high density of organisms in pens means infectious disease + parasite can spread more easily * controlled by antibiotics * medication residue contaminates waterways * disease in farmed organisms can spread to wild poopulations
38
Metals
Mined from ores
39
Ore
A mineral/group of minerals from which we extract minerals
40
Mining operations at forced to access __ ores
Lower grade
41
Strip Mining
- extracting mineral deposits that lie in large horizontal lines close to the earth’s surface - removes vegetation + soil - acid minerals drainage (sulfide mineras in newly exposed rock surfaces react with/oxygen + rainwater to produce sulfuric acid)
42
Subsurface Mining
- underground shaft are built to remove deep deposits of minerals - zinc, lead, diamonds, and many more - deepest are 2.5 mil deep - most dangerous (humans) - acid mine drainage
43
Open Pit mining
- machines dig very large holes and remove ore - copper, iron, gold, diamonds - habitat loss, acid mine drainage
44
Mountaintop mining
- several hundred vertical feet of mountain top are removed - primarily used for coal in Eastern US - forests clear-cut - waste rock put back BUT usually fall into valley
45
Processing of the ore
After ores are mined, rock is crushed and pulverized + desired metals are isolated by chemical/physical means
46
Smelting
Heating an ore beyond its melting point and combining it with other metals/chemicals - used in steel processing - iron + carbon
47
Environmental Impacts of TAILINGS
- portions of ore left over after metals have been extracted - may leach heavy metals present in ore waste (arsenic cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury) - may leach chemicals used in processes Ex: cyanide from gold mining - held in surface impoundments w/walls to prevent leaks
48
Factors that determine “how long minerals will last”
- new extraction techniques - new technologies change what minerals are needed - changing consumption patterns - recycling (only 10% of cell phones are recycled)
49
Urbanization
Shift away from a lifestyle that is rural based on with agricultural jobs to non agricultural hobs in high population density - not about the side (cities can be small)
50
Benefits of URBANIZATION
Mass transit - lower amount of FF use per person - efficient use of space (subway) Everything is nearby, walkable - people are more active (healthier) Mixed use development - resoidental - restaurants - shops Minimize land impact
51
Drawbacks of urbanization - WATER CYCLE
Water diversion projects - altering the flow of water will impact organisms from the environment Upstream (behind dam) - flooding issues - sediments an organic matter will stay behind the dam rather than flowing down stream Downstream (follow the river) - amount of sediment + water decorated downstream will change
52
Impermeable Surfaces
- less recharging of groundwater - increases runoff (picks up soil, pollution, solid waste and deliver it to rivers + lakes)
53
Overpumping
Removing more water than can be recharged (infiltrated)
54
Ogallala
- the Ogallala is being withdrawn 4 times faster than it is replenished - supplies 1/3 of all the groundwater in the US
55
Aral Sea Disaster
- Rault of irrigation withdrawals - 85% of wetlands have been eliminated - half the local bird and mammal species have disappeared
56
Desalination
Process of removing dissolved salts from ocean water Countries: Middle East, North Africa, the Caribbean Sea + Mediterranean Sea
57
Methods of desalination
Distillation + reverse osmosis
58
3 major problems of desalination
- expensive - requires large amounts of energy - produces high amount of salty wastewater that must go somewhere
59
Grey water
Used water from bathtubs, sinks, dishwashers, and clothes washers
60
How can grey water be used?
To flush toilets, wash cars, and irrigate lawns
61
Urban sprawl
Movements from urban areas to low-density areas just outside of urban areas (suburbs) - more FF use as there is more driving - less exercise due to less walking to get to places - more runoff from more impermeable surfaces - urban sprawls have lower albedo —. Absorb more of sun’s radiation
62
Remediate “Brownfields”
Site of old industry/gas stations - clean up hazardous waste - tear out concrete - add vegetation
63
Urban planning
Grown up instead of out

APES (6 decks)

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