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APES > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Individual

A

Ex: One blue salamander

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2
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species

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3
Q

Community

A

Living organisms in an area (plant + animal)

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4
Q

Ecosystems

A

Living + nonliving organisms in an area (includes soil, air, H2O)

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5
Q

Biome

A

Larger area w/climate conditioning (determines plants + animals)

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6
Q

Symbiosis

A

Any close + long-term interaction between 2 organisms of different species

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7
Q

Mutualism

A

Relationship benefits both organisms
Ex: coral + algae/lichen fungi + algae/honeybee + flower)

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8
Q

Commensalism

A

(Free rider) relationship that benefits one organism + doesn’t impact the other

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9
Q

Parasitism

A

A host organism for energy, often killing the host + often living inside the host

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10
Q

Competition

A

Organisms fighting over a resource like food/shelter —> limits population size + negative for both organisms

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11
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Between species

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12
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Between individuals of the same species

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13
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Different species using the same resource in different ways

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14
Q

Temporal partitioning

A

Resources @ different times (wolves + coyotes)

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15
Q

Spatial partitioning

A

Different areas of a shared habitat - different root lengths

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16
Q

Morphological partitioning

A

Using different resources based on different evolved body features

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17
Q

Predation

A

One organism using another for energy source 9hunters, parasites) —> positive for one species, negative for the other, predator eats prey

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18
Q

Herbivores

A

Eat plants for energy

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19
Q

True predators

A

Kill + eat prey for energy

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20
Q

Parasites

A

Use a host organisms for energy w/o killing the host + living in the host

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21
Q

Parasitoid

A

Laying eggs inside host organisms, eggs hatch + larvae eat host for energy

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22
Q

Precipitation trends: high precipitation

A

Year round = forests

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23
Q

Precipitation trends: Seasonal precipitation

A

High in summer + low in winter = grasslands
High in winter + low in summer = shrubland/chappard

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24
Q

Precipitation trends: Low recipitation

A

Desert + tundra

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25
Nutrient availability: Tundra
- low soil nutrient - few plants survive here - low water availability - mostly lichen + shrubs
26
Nutrient availability: Tropical rainforests
Nutrient poor soil - high competition from so many different plant species
27
Nutrient availability: Boreal forest
Nutrient poor soil - low temperatures + low decomposition rate of dead organic matter
28
Nutrient availability: temperate deciduous forest
Nutrient rich soil - lots of dead organic matter, leaves + warm temperature + moisture for decomposition
29
Climatograph
Summarize season variation in both temperature + precipitation (show length + intensity of wet + dry seasons + positions of the year during which average temperatures are above/below freezing + growing season)
30
Freshwater biomes
Surface water that stands (ponds + lakes)
31
Wetlands
surface water with more vegetation
32
Swamp
Wooded (trees)
33
Bogs
Acidic, peat, sphagnam moss
34
Wetland benefits
- stores excess water during storms —> lessening floods - recharges groundwater by absorbing rainfall into soil - roots of wetlands plat filter pollutants from water draining through - high plant growth due to lots of water + nutrients (dead organic matter_ in sediments
35
Abiotic conditions that vary in aquatic biomes
- depth - salinity - light - oxygen - temperature - nutrients (nitrates + phosphates) - velocity (currents)
36
Productivity + biodiversity in wetlands
Highest in marshes + swamps (warm, lots of nutrients, conducive to plant growth)
37
Marine ecosystems
- intertidal - coral reefs - open ocean - estuaries
38
Brackish water
Freshwater flowing into salt water
39
Évapotranspiration
Process plants use to draw groundwater from roots up to their leaves
40
Deforestation effects
Changes climate: lowers precipitation in area/trees impact rain —> feedback loop
41
Infiltration
Rain tricked through soil down into the groundwater aquifer
42
Run off
Rain flowers over the earth’s surface
43
Primary productivity (PP)
Rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time High PP = high plant growth = lots of food + shelter for animals
44
Productivity equation
NPP = GPP - R
45
Net PP
Amount of energy (biomass) left over consumers after plants have used some for repiration
46
Gross PP
Total amount of sun energy (light) that plants capture + convert into energy (glucose)
47
Specialists
*more prone to extinction - smaller range of tolerance/naoow ecological niche - specific food requirements - less ability to adapt to new conditions Ex; panda
48
Generalists
*less prone to extinction - larger range of tolerance —> broader niche - broad food option - high adaptability Ex: raccoon
49
K-selected
- few offspring + heavy paternal care - reproduce many times - long life —> longer sex maturity - more likely to be disrupted by environmental change/invasive species
50
R-selected
- many offspring + little care - reproduce once - short life —> quick sex maturity - more likely to be invaisve - better suited to rapid env change
51
Survivorship
How likely offspring are to survive infancy + reach adulthood
52
Survivorship curve
Line that shows survival rate of a cohort in a population from birth to death
53
Cohort
Same age
54
type I
K-selected
55
Type II
K-selected and r-selected
56
type III
R-selected
57
Carrying capacity (K)
The max # of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support
58
Overshoot
When population briefly overshoots the carrying capacity
59
Size (N)
Total # of individual in a given area @ a given time
60
Density
# of individuals in an area
61
Distribution
How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other
62
Random distribution
Plants
63
Uniform distribution
Territorial animals
64
Clumped distribution
Herd animals
65
Sex ratios
Rate of males to females
66
Density-dependent
Factors that influence population growth based on size (food, habitat, disease)
67
Density-independent
Factory’s hat influence population growth independent of size (natural disasters)
68
Biotic potential
Maximum potential growth rate w.o limiting resources

APES (6 decks)

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