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APES > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Individual

A

Ex: One blue salamander

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2
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species

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3
Q

Community

A

Living organisms in an area (plant + animal)

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4
Q

Ecosystems

A

Living + nonliving organisms in an area (includes soil, air, H2O)

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5
Q

Biome

A

Larger area w/climate conditioning (determines plants + animals)

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6
Q

Symbiosis

A

Any close + long-term interaction between 2 organisms of different species

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7
Q

Mutualism

A

Relationship benefits both organisms
Ex: coral + algae/lichen fungi + algae/honeybee + flower)

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8
Q

Commensalism

A

(Free rider) relationship that benefits one organism + doesn’t impact the other

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9
Q

Parasitism

A

A host organism for energy, often killing the host + often living inside the host

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10
Q

Competition

A

Organisms fighting over a resource like food/shelter —> limits population size + negative for both organisms

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11
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Between species

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12
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Between individuals of the same species

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13
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Different species using the same resource in different ways

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14
Q

Temporal partitioning

A

Resources @ different times (wolves + coyotes)

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15
Q

Spatial partitioning

A

Different areas of a shared habitat - different root lengths

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16
Q

Morphological partitioning

A

Using different resources based on different evolved body features

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17
Q

Predation

A

One organism using another for energy source 9hunters, parasites) —> positive for one species, negative for the other, predator eats prey

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18
Q

Herbivores

A

Eat plants for energy

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19
Q

True predators

A

Kill + eat prey for energy

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20
Q

Parasites

A

Use a host organisms for energy w/o killing the host + living in the host

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21
Q

Parasitoid

A

Laying eggs inside host organisms, eggs hatch + larvae eat host for energy

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22
Q

Precipitation trends: high precipitation

A

Year round = forests

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23
Q

Precipitation trends: Seasonal precipitation

A

High in summer + low in winter = grasslands
High in winter + low in summer = shrubland/chappard

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24
Q

Precipitation trends: Low recipitation

A

Desert + tundra

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25
Q

Nutrient availability: Tundra

A
  • low soil nutrient
  • few plants survive here
  • low water availability
  • mostly lichen + shrubs
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26
Q

Nutrient availability: Tropical rainforests

A

Nutrient poor soil
- high competition from so many different plant species

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27
Q

Nutrient availability: Boreal forest

A

Nutrient poor soil
- low temperatures + low decomposition rate of dead organic matter

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28
Q

Nutrient availability: temperate deciduous forest

A

Nutrient rich soil
- lots of dead organic matter, leaves + warm temperature + moisture for decomposition

29
Q

Climatograph

A

Summarize season variation in both temperature + precipitation (show length + intensity of wet + dry seasons + positions of the year during which average temperatures are above/below freezing + growing season)

30
Q

Freshwater biomes

A

Surface water that stands (ponds + lakes)

31
Q

Wetlands

A

surface water with more vegetation

32
Q

Swamp

A

Wooded (trees)

33
Q

Bogs

A

Acidic, peat, sphagnam moss

34
Q

Wetland benefits

A
  • stores excess water during storms —> lessening floods
  • recharges groundwater by absorbing rainfall into soil
  • roots of wetlands plat filter pollutants from water draining through
  • high plant growth due to lots of water + nutrients (dead organic matter_ in sediments
35
Q

Abiotic conditions that vary in aquatic biomes

A
  • depth
  • salinity
  • light
  • oxygen
  • temperature
  • nutrients (nitrates + phosphates)
  • velocity (currents)
36
Q

Productivity + biodiversity in wetlands

A

Highest in marshes + swamps (warm, lots of nutrients, conducive to plant growth)

37
Q

Marine ecosystems

A
  • intertidal
  • coral reefs
  • open ocean
  • estuaries
38
Q

Brackish water

A

Freshwater flowing into salt water

39
Q

Évapotranspiration

A

Process plants use to draw groundwater from roots up to their leaves

40
Q

Deforestation effects

A

Changes climate: lowers precipitation in area/trees impact rain —> feedback loop

41
Q

Infiltration

A

Rain tricked through soil down into the groundwater aquifer

42
Q

Run off

A

Rain flowers over the earth’s surface

43
Q

Primary productivity (PP)

A

Rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time
High PP = high plant growth = lots of food + shelter for animals

44
Q

Productivity equation

A

NPP = GPP - R

45
Q

Net PP

A

Amount of energy (biomass) left over consumers after plants have used some for repiration

46
Q

Gross PP

A

Total amount of sun energy (light) that plants capture + convert into energy (glucose)

47
Q

Specialists

A

*more prone to extinction
- smaller range of tolerance/naoow ecological niche
- specific food requirements
- less ability to adapt to new conditions
Ex; panda

48
Q

Generalists

A

*less prone to extinction
- larger range of tolerance —> broader niche
- broad food option
- high adaptability
Ex: raccoon

49
Q

K-selected

A
  • few offspring + heavy paternal care
  • reproduce many times
  • long life —> longer sex maturity
  • more likely to be disrupted by environmental change/invasive species
50
Q

R-selected

A
  • many offspring + little care
  • reproduce once
  • short life —> quick sex maturity
  • more likely to be invaisve
  • better suited to rapid env change
51
Q

Survivorship

A

How likely offspring are to survive infancy + reach adulthood

52
Q

Survivorship curve

A

Line that shows survival rate of a cohort in a population from birth to death

53
Q

Cohort

A

Same age

54
Q

type I

A

K-selected

55
Q

Type II

A

K-selected and r-selected

56
Q

type III

A

R-selected

57
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

The max # of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support

58
Q

Overshoot

A

When population briefly overshoots the carrying capacity

59
Q

Size (N)

A

Total # of individual in a given area @ a given time

60
Q

Density

A

of individuals in an area

61
Q

Distribution

A

How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other

62
Q

Random distribution

A

Plants

63
Q

Uniform distribution

A

Territorial animals

64
Q

Clumped distribution

A

Herd animals

65
Q

Sex ratios

A

Rate of males to females

66
Q

Density-dependent

A

Factors that influence population growth based on size (food, habitat, disease)

67
Q

Density-independent

A

Factory’s hat influence population growth independent of size (natural disasters)

68
Q

Biotic potential

A

Maximum potential growth rate w.o limiting resources

APES (6 decks)

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