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AP Biology > Unit 6 Collumn 1 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Collumn 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Transformation Experiment

A

an experiment that demonstrates the process of bacteria taking up and incorporating external genetic material (DNA) from their environment

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2
Q

Plasmid

A

a small

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3
Q

Hershey and Chase Experiment

A

Bacteriophage experiment. Proteins and DNA were tagged with a radioisotope and tracked as a virus attacked a bacteria. DNA entered cell

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4
Q

Chargaff Rule

A

A-T

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5
Q

Purine

A

A and G

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6
Q

Pyrimidine

A

T and C

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7
Q

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

A

a chain of alternating sugar and phosphate groups that forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA

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8
Q

Double Helix

A

twisting shape of DNA

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9
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

bond due to polar charges

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10
Q

DNA Replication

A

process of copying DNA during S phase for Mitosis and Meiosis

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11
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

the process by which DNA is copied to create two new DNA strands

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12
Q

Leading Strand

A

a strand of new DNA that is synthesized continuously and is complementary to the parental DNA strand

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13
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The lagging strand is synthesized in small fragments called Okazaki fragments.The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously because the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.

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14
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Flattens out DNA for replication

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15
Q

Helicase

A

“unzips” DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

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16
Q

SSB

A

keeps DNA separated after helicase separates the bases

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17
Q

RNA Primase

A

creates RNA primer so DNA polymerase III can attach

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18
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

creates the complimentary strand of DNA to the original template strand

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19
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

replaces the RNA primers with DNA

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20
Q

Ligase

A

connects the phosphate-sugar backbone at the end of replication

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21
Q

Primer

A

complementary section of RNA that provides an attachment point for DNA polymerase III

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22
Q

Okazaki Fragment

A

sections of complementary DNA created for the lagging strand during DNA replication

23
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

creation of proteins

24
Q

Transcription

A

complementary strand of mRNA created off of a template DNA strand for a gene

25
Q

Translation

A

protein created from ribosome reading mRNA

26
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

27
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

28
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer for Nucleic acids

29
Q

Amino Acid

A

monomer for proteins

30
Q

R

A

Group - 20 different possibilities that are the functional component of the amino acid

31
Q

Ribose

A

sugar for RNA

32
Q

Deoxyribose

A

sugar for DNA

33
Q

Phosphate

A

phosphorus and 4 oxygens

34
Q

Messenger RNA

A

carries the genetic information for a gene from nucleus to the ribosomes. Created as a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA gene template strand

35
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA has an anti-codon that is complementary to the mRNA codon. An amino acid is attached to the opposite end of the anticodon on the tRNA. The Amino acid is specific to the anticodon.

36
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

RNA component of the ribosome

37
Q

Template Strand

A

original strand that the complementary strand is built/paired with.

38
Q

Complementary Strand

A

new strand that is built/paired with the original template strand

39
Q

Ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis. A site

40
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

builds the mRNA from the template DNA strand

41
Q

Central Dogma

A

a theory that describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

42
Q

Codon

A

3 letter base sequence on mRNA that holds the information for what amino acid is needed in the gene sequence

43
Q

Anticodon

A

3 letter tRNA complement that ensures the correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome to correlate to the mRNA codon.

44
Q

Redundancy

A

multiple codons per amino acids to allow for mistakes to happen but still code for the same amino acid

45
Q

Initiation

A

start of transcription at the promoter region by RNA polymerase

46
Q

Elongation

A

building of the complementary mRNA strand from the original DNA template strand by adding one nucleotide on at a time

47
Q

Termination

A

release of mRNA from RNA polymerase

48
Q

Spliceosome

A

helps to remove introns from mRNA in finishing process

49
Q

MicroRNA/siRNA

A

small codes of RNA that are important for gene regulation. Death tags for mRNA to limit lifespan of mRNA

50
Q

Wobble Hypothesis

A

a theory that explains how a single amino acid can be coded for by multiple codons.

51
Q

tRNA synthetase

A

attaches correct amino acid to tRNA to correlate with the appropriate anticodon

52
Q

Chaperone Protein

A

a diverse group of proteins that play crucial roles in the proper folding

53
Q

Start Codon

A

tells the ribosome where to attach to the mRNA and start producing the protein in translation

54
Q

Stop Codon

A

tells the ribosome when to stop translation and release the protein and mRNA

AP Biology (2 decks)

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