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OHio Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid

A

monomer for proteins, amino group - carbon - carboxyl group with a R-group off center carbon. 20 different amino acids

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2
Q

Anticodon

A

3 letter tRNA complement that ensures the correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome to correlate to the mRNA codon.

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3
Q

Central Dogma

A

a theory that describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

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4
Q

Chaperone Protein

A

a diverse group of proteins that play crucial roles in the proper folding, assembly, and transport of other proteins in cells

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5
Q

Chargaff Rule

A

A-T, C-G; same amounts of A as T, and same amount of C as G.

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6
Q

Codon

A

3 letter base sequence on mRNA that holds the information for what amino acid is needed in the gene sequence

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7
Q

Complementary Strand

A

new strand that is built/paired with the original template strand

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8
Q

Deoxyribose

A

sugar for DNA

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9
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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10
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

replaces the RNA primers with DNA

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11
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

creates the complimentary strand of DNA to the original template strand

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12
Q

DNA Replication

A

process of copying DNA during S phase for Mitosis and Meiosis

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13
Q

Double Helix

A

twisting shape of DNA

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14
Q

Elongation

A

building of the complementary mRNA strand from the original DNA template strand by adding one nucleotide on at a time

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15
Q

Helicase

A

“unzips” DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

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16
Q

Hershey and Chase Experiment

A

Bacteriophage experiment. Proteins and DNA were tagged with a radioisotope and tracked as a virus attacked a bacteria. DNA entered cell, protein stayed out and washed away showing DNA was the component that carried the viral information.

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17
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

bond due to polar charges, attracts nucleic bases together

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18
Q

Initiation

A

start of transcription at the promoter region by RNA polymerase

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19
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The lagging strand is synthesized in small fragments called Okazaki fragments.The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously because the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.

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20
Q

Leading Strand

A

a strand of new DNA that is synthesized continuously and is complementary to the parental DNA strand

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21
Q

Ligase

A

connects the phosphate-sugar backbone at the end of replication

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22
Q

Messenger RNA

A

carries the genetic information for a gene from nucleus to the ribosomes. Created as a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA gene template strand

23
Q

MicroRNA/siRNA

A

small codes of RNA that are important for gene regulation. Death tags for mRNA to limit lifespan of mRNA

24
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer for Nucleic acids, Phosphate group - Sugar - and nitrogenous base

25
Q

Okazaki Fragment

A

sections of complementary DNA created for the lagging strand during DNA replication

26
Q

Phosphate

A

phosphorus and 4 oxygens, component of nucleotide, part of DNA/RNA backbone

27
Q

Plasmid

A

a small, circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. Can hold important DNA and be passed from one bacteria to another.

28
Q

Primer

A

complementary section of RNA that provides an attachment point for DNA polymerase III

29
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

creation of proteins

30
Q

Purine

A

A and G, Double ringed nucleic bases

31
Q

Pyrimidine

A

T and C, single ringed nucleic bases

32
Q

R

A

Group - 20 different possibilities that are the functional component of the amino acid. Functional Group

33
Q

Redundancy

A

multiple codons per amino acids to allow for mistakes to happen but still code for the same amino acid

34
Q

Ribose

A

sugar for RNA

35
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

RNA component of the ribosome

36
Q

Ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis. A site, P site, E site

37
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

38
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

builds the mRNA from the template DNA strand

39
Q

RNA Primase

A

creates RNA primer so DNA polymerase III can attach

40
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

the process by which DNA is copied to create two new DNA strands, each containing one old strand and one new strand

41
Q

Spliceosome

A

helps to remove introns from mRNA in finishing process

42
Q

SSB

A

keeps DNA separated after helicase separates the bases

43
Q

Start Codon

A

tells the ribosome where to attach to the mRNA and start producing the protein in translation

44
Q

Stop Codon

A

tells the ribosome when to stop translation and release the protein and mRNA

45
Q

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

A

a chain of alternating sugar and phosphate groups that forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA

46
Q

Template Strand

A

original strand that the complementary strand is built/paired with.

47
Q

Termination

A

release of mRNA from RNA polymerase

48
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Flattens out DNA for replication

49
Q

Transcription

A

complementary strand of mRNA created off of a template DNA strand for a gene

50
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA has an anti-codon that is complementary to the mRNA codon. An amino acid is attached to the opposite end of the anticodon on the tRNA. The Amino acid is specific to the anticodon.

51
Q

Transformation Experiment

A

an experiment that demonstrates the process of bacteria taking up and incorporating external genetic material (DNA) from their environment, essentially changing their characteristics. Good bacteria mixed with dead lethal bacteria turned into lethal bacteria by taking in a component (later we find out it is DNA) of the lethal bacteria.

52
Q

Translation

A

protein created from ribosome reading mRNA, bringing in tRNA, and attaching associated amino acids together in order

53
Q

tRNA synthetase

A

attaches correct amino acid to tRNA to correlate with the appropriate anticodon

54
Q

Wobble Hypothesis

A

a theory that explains how a single amino acid can be coded for by multiple codons.

AP Biology (5 decks)

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