Unit 6: Chapter 9, Non experimental research PII

Question 1

sampling frame

Answer 1

a popu- lation as it is defined for the purposes of selecting subjects for a study 231

Question 2

element

Answer 2

individual mem- ber of a sampling frame 231

Question 3

open ended question

Answer 3

one that the respondents answer in their own words

Question 4

close ended question

Answer 4

one that limits the respondents to certain alternatives

Question 5

social desirability

Question 6

acquiescence

Answer 6

Inaccurate responses due to people’s tendencey to just agree which makes binary agree or disagree questions kind of risky

Question 7

Branching items

Answer 7

a set of questions that enable the respondent to move through a survey in dif- ferent ways, depending upon the responses

Question 8

Likert scale

Answer 8

The Likert scale is a popular self-report scale in which respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a statement on a five-point or a seven-point scale. (CC)

Question 9

response or return rate

Answer 9

in survey research, the percentage of individuals in the sample who return the completed survey(226)

Question 10

simple random sampling

Answer 10

a sample in which every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected

Question 11

systematic sampling

Answer 11

a probability sample that is not randomly selected
(starts with a sampling frame)

Question 12

what is stratified sampling and why would you use it?

Answer 12

a random sample in which two or more sub- samples are represented according to some prede- termined proportion, generally in the same proportion as they exist in the population

(If the population densities were skewed so much that random sampling would not get equal proportions)

Question 13

cluster sampling

Answer 13

group selected by using clusters or groupings from a larger population

(Rather than taking one-tenth of the students in each class, sampling every student in one-tenth of the classes would be more efficient.)

Question 14

For what purposes are surveys used? What are the characteristics of surveys?

Question 15

Distinguish among population, sampling frame, sample and elements. Give an example to illustrate these distinctions.

Answer 15

population-the complete set group of individuals unified by a given characteristic

sampling frame-the decisions made by the researcher as to who will be sampled

sample-data of those tested

element-a sampled piece of the sampling frame

Question 16

What are the general advantages and disadvantages of mail surveys?

Answer 16

A: More private

D: Can’t control order questions are answered

Question 17

What are the general advantages and disadvantages of personal interviews?

Answer 17

A: Higher response rate
Easier to elaborate
Can control order of the questions

B: Subject to increased biases
Expensive

Question 18

What are the general advantages and disadvantages of telephone surveys?

Answer 18

A: Test administers can be supervised

D: Harder to prserve anonymity

Question 19

What are the general advantages and disadvantages of internet surveys?

Answer 19

A: Control of questions
Checks for implausibilty (computer is reliable
Higher response rates if open 24 hours, it is convenient
great social desirability bias prevention

B: Illiterate people or people who cannot add to the the data authentically can take the survey

Question 20

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using open ended questions?

Answer 20

More complete answers that may provide reasons for certain attitudes or behaviours
More likely to discover something unexpected by the researcher

More difficult to record and score responses
Requires more effort from respondents
Difficult for less-articulate respondents to answer

Question 21

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using close-ended questions?

Answer 21

-Easier to code and analyse
-Requires less effort from respondents; no need to articulate answers

-Reduces expressiveness and spontaneity
Respondents may have to choose a less-than-preferred response because no alternatives really capture the respondent’s view
-More difficult to discover errors in coding or misinterpretation of questions

Answer 22

(1) decide what information is required; (2) decide what type of questionnaire will be used; (3) draft and then revise the questionnaire; (4) pretest the questionnaire; (5) edit the questionnaire; and (6) specify the procedures for its use.

Question 23

State the criteria for a useful questionaire item (6)

Answer 23

-written in language familiar to all respondents.
-clear and specific. (Define the terms and the context ) -Make alternatives clear, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive in the case of closed-ended questions.
-avoid any leading, loaded, or double-barrelled questions that result in biases.
-be as concise as possible.
-all conditional information be presented prior to the key idea.

Question 24

Describ how the ordering of surveys impact the quality of data collection

Answer 24

-Asking questions that are of interest to the participant first is a good way of keeping their attention
-asking branching questions reduced the demand on the P’s time

Question 25

Under what circumstnces will answers be biased?

Answer 25

When the available answers are leading or loaded or when there is risk of social desirability issues.

Question 26

What is acquiescence and how can researchers identify acquiescence?

Answer 26

This is when a tendency for humans to just agree to whatever is being asked of them skews their actual thoughts. The best way to identify it is to ask questions that, when agreed upon both, contradict each other.

Question 27

What is the response rate or return rate in a survey? What can researchers do to increase the response to a survey? Especially a mail one.

Answer 27

-have the questions that are interesting to the respondents upfront

Question 28

Discuss two limitations of survey research

Question 29

Describe the ethical issues in conducting survey research.

Answer 29

anonymity and confidentiality (when not anonymous)

Question 30

What does informed consent look like in a survey?

Answer 30

the researcher must inform the participants that they can skip questions, withdraw any time without consequence and thay they participate voluntarily

Question 31

What steps should researchers take in a survey to ensure ethical steps are followed?

Answer 31

make your survey confidential and anonymous

Question 32

What does it mean when something is both reliable and valid?

Answer 32

Reliable-it consistently gets the same results
Valid-“A valid measure will measure what it is intended to measure”

Question 33

List the 4 different sample types

Answer 33

Haphazard, probability, convenience and purposive 229

Question 34

What is purposive sampling and what is one thing to watch out for?

Answer 34

It is selecting the group to be surveyed that is relevant to the research question. The issue is a lapse in judgment by the researcher about who is considered relevant

Question 35

What is a convenience sample

Answer 35

A sample of a selected population but is not close to being comprehensive. It is meant after sampling to be generalized to the rest of the appropriate population