Unit 6 Flashcards
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 0-1 years
Aspect of self: Physical self-awareness
Major accomplishment: Recognizing Me vs. Not me
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 1-2 years
Aspect of Self: Self-Recognition
Accomplishment: Mirror recognition
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 2-3 years
Aspect of Self: Self-Esteem
Accomplishment: Internalizing standards for behavior
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 3-4 years
Aspect of Self: Skills and abilities
Accomplishment: Demonstrating new talents
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 5-12 years
Aspect of Self: Social comparison, Private self-concept
Accomplishment: comparing abilities with others, keeping secrets
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): Adolescence
Aspect of self: Identity
Accomplishment: Abstract thought, reflected appraisals, objective self-awareness
For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): Adulthood
Aspect of self: the self
Accomplishment: internalizing societal expectations
The mirror test on infants determined
that 18 months is the average age in which infants are able to recognize themselves in the mirror.
What is the “looking glass self”?
Using reflected appraisals to internalize others’ evaluations of them, especially people who are very important to them.
What is an identity?
An identity is socially defined. It includes definitions and standards that are imposed on us by others, including interpersonal aspects (roles, relationships), potentialities (who we might become), and values (morals, priorities)
What is the difference between self-concept and identity?
Self-concept comes from within and identity comes from others.
What is stereotype threat?
Stereotype threat is when a person experiences distress when faced with a stereotype that threatens his or her self-esteem or social identity.
What are the four categories the responses to the Twenty statements test fall within?
Physical, social, attributive, global
About 58% of the American students’ responses to the TST fell into the attributive category whereas for Japanese students’
attributive descriptions made up significantly less about 19%. 58%, less, 19%
About 27% of the Japanese students’ responses to the TST fell into the Social self-description category.
What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?
Individualism focuses on the uniqueness of the individual and distinguishes the person as separate from the group. Under individualism, people develop their own selves including attitudes and values as distinct from the groups’. Collectivism places greater emphasis on the views, needs and goals of the group rather than that of the individual. Under collectivism, people emphasize being part of a social group and sharing beliefs and customs. In the extreme, one’s beliefs, goals, attitudes and values reflect that of the group.
About 80% of the world’s population lives in
Collectivistic cultures.
How can geography force a culture to become more individualistic?
Individualism increases when geography forces a separation among its people (ec mountains, islands) or when individuals have migrated to distant lands.
Physical:
I am female
I am 18 years old
I am tall
Social:
I am a student
I am a mother
Attributive:
I am introverted
I am a high energy person
Global:
I am light
I am a human being
What is the difference between independent self and interdependent self?
An independent self exists apart from other people and is autonomous and self-contained. Individuals are encouraged to embark on a process of self-actualization and self-discovery to develop their potential. The interdependent self includes others. People cannot be understood when separated from their social group-they are not themselves without others.
From what do our possible selves derive?
Our possible selves derive from our past experiences set against the backdrop of our time, place and culture.
Our immediate social context has a bigger influence on our possible selves than demographics such as
e, gender or socioeconomic status.
What is self esteem?
Self esteem is the amount of value that people place on themselves. People with high self esteem have a favorable view of themselves while people with low self esteem have an unfavorable view of themselves.
Self-esteem stability refers to how stable or variable people’s general feelings of self-worth are over time.
What is self-concept clarity?
Self-concept clarity is how well people know-or think they know-themselves.
What’s the difference between self-esteem stability and self-concept clarity?
Self-concept clarity refers to consistency of our self concepts whereas self-esteem stability refers to consistency of our self-esteem, our feelings about our self-concepts.
What is self-handicapping?
Self-handicapping is when we purposely set ourselves up for possible failure. If we fail, we have a ready made excuse and some measure of self-protection.
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
Too many people suffer from low self-esteem. There is no epidemic of low self-esteem in America or elsewhere in the world for that matter. The average person sees himself or herself as better than average, in both the United states and in 52 other cultures, including both individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
People with high-self esteem are smarter, more likable, and more physically attractive than people with low self-esteem. There is a strong correlation between self-esteem and being smart, likable, popular and physically attractive, but this is only true for self-ratings. There is no correlation between self-esteem and others’ ratings of how likable, popular and physically attractive a person is.
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
People with high self-esteem do better in school, achieve more in their jobs, and have greater life satisfaction and happiness than people with low self-esteem. There is a correlation between self-esteem and success but self-esteem is the result-not the cause- of success in school, work, and life.
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
Interventions that aim to increase achievement by increasing the self-esteem of school students are successful. Not only are such programs less successful than other, more traditional methods of increasing achievements but such methods may actually backfire.
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
Relationships are more likely to break up if a partner has low self-esteem than if a partner has high-self esteem. Both high and low self-esteem cause problems in relationships, so self-esteem has little to do with who stays together or who breaks up. However, low self-esteem does cause some problems in relationships, such as often distrusting a partner’s expressions of love and support.
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
Bullies suffer from low self-esteem so they need to lash out and hurt others There is no correlation between self-esteem and self-report bullying or peer-reported likelihood of bullying. People with high self-esteem, especially with unstable self-esteem, with unrealistically positive self views as in narcissism, or with defensive high self-esteem are more likely to react to perceived threats with violence than people with low self-esteem
For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:
People with low self-esteem are likely to abuse alcohol and other drugs than people with high self-esteem There is no correlation between drug use and self-esteem
List five characteristics of quantitative research
1Tests a hypothesis that the researcher begins with
2Concepts are in the form of distinct variables
3Data are in the form of numbers
4Theory is largely causal and is deductive
5Analysis proceeds by using statistics, tables or charts
List five characteristics of qualitative research:
Captures and discovers meaning from the data
Concepts are in the form of themes, motifs, generalizations, taxonomies and so on
Theory can be causal or no causal and is often inductive
Analysis proceeds by extracting themes or generalizations from evidence and organizing data to present a coherent, consistent picture.
What is self-presentation?
Self-presentation is acting, speaking, or dressing a specific way to convey a specific image of ourselves to others.
What is the regulation of self-presentation called?
Impression management
What are the five most influential self-presentation tactics?
Ingratiation, intimidation, self-promotion, exemplification, and supplication
