Unit 6

Question 1

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 0-1 years

Answer 1

Aspect of self: Physical self-awareness

Major accomplishment: Recognizing Me vs. Not me

Question 2

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 1-2 years

Answer 2

Aspect of Self: Self-Recognition

Accomplishment: Mirror recognition

Question 3

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 2-3 years

Answer 3

Aspect of Self: Self-Esteem

Accomplishment: Internalizing standards for behavior

Question 4

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 3-4 years

Answer 4

Aspect of Self: Skills and abilities

Accomplishment: Demonstrating new talents

Question 5

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): 5-12 years

Answer 5

Aspect of Self: Social comparison, Private self-concept

Accomplishment: comparing abilities with others, keeping secrets

Question 6

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): Adolescence

Answer 6

Aspect of self: Identity

Accomplishment: Abstract thought, reflected appraisals, objective self-awareness

Question 7

For the following age category, name the developing aspect(s) of self and the major accomplishment(s): Adulthood

Answer 7

Aspect of self: the self

Accomplishment: internalizing societal expectations

Question 8

The mirror test on infants determined

Answer 8

that 18 months is the average age in which infants are able to recognize themselves in the mirror.

Question 9

What is the “looking glass self”?

Answer 9

Using reflected appraisals to internalize others’ evaluations of them, especially people who are very important to them.

Question 10

What is an identity?

Answer 10

An identity is socially defined. It includes definitions and standards that are imposed on us by others, including interpersonal aspects (roles, relationships), potentialities (who we might become), and values (morals, priorities)

Question 11

What is the difference between self-concept and identity?

Answer 11

Self-concept comes from within and identity comes from others.

Question 12

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 12

Stereotype threat is when a person experiences distress when faced with a stereotype that threatens his or her self-esteem or social identity.

Question 13

What are the four categories the responses to the Twenty statements test fall within?

Answer 13

Physical, social, attributive, global

Question 14

About 58% of the American students’ responses to the TST fell into the attributive category whereas for Japanese students’

Answer 14

attributive descriptions made up significantly less about 19%. 58%, less, 19%
About 27% of the Japanese students’ responses to the TST fell into the Social self-description category.

Question 15

What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?

Answer 15

Individualism focuses on the uniqueness of the individual and distinguishes the person as separate from the group. Under individualism, people develop their own selves including attitudes and values as distinct from the groups’. Collectivism places greater emphasis on the views, needs and goals of the group rather than that of the individual. Under collectivism, people emphasize being part of a social group and sharing beliefs and customs. In the extreme, one’s beliefs, goals, attitudes and values reflect that of the group.

Question 16

About 80% of the world’s population lives in

Answer 16

Collectivistic cultures.

Question 17

How can geography force a culture to become more individualistic?

Answer 17

Individualism increases when geography forces a separation among its people (ec mountains, islands) or when individuals have migrated to distant lands.

Question 18

Physical:

Answer 18

I am female
I am 18 years old
I am tall

Question 19

Social:

Answer 19

I am a student

I am a mother

Question 20

Attributive:

Answer 20

I am introverted

I am a high energy person

Question 21

Global:

Answer 21

I am light

I am a human being

Question 22

What is the difference between independent self and interdependent self?

Answer 22

An independent self exists apart from other people and is autonomous and self-contained. Individuals are encouraged to embark on a process of self-actualization and self-discovery to develop their potential. The interdependent self includes others. People cannot be understood when separated from their social group-they are not themselves without others.

Question 23

From what do our possible selves derive?

Answer 23

Our possible selves derive from our past experiences set against the backdrop of our time, place and culture.

Question 24

Our immediate social context has a bigger influence on our possible selves than demographics such as

Answer 24

e, gender or socioeconomic status.

Question 25

What is self esteem?

Answer 25

Self esteem is the amount of value that people place on themselves. People with high self esteem have a favorable view of themselves while people with low self esteem have an unfavorable view of themselves.
Self-esteem stability refers to how stable or variable people’s general feelings of self-worth are over time.

Question 26

What is self-concept clarity?

Answer 26

Self-concept clarity is how well people know-or think they know-themselves.
What’s the difference between self-esteem stability and self-concept clarity?
Self-concept clarity refers to consistency of our self concepts whereas self-esteem stability refers to consistency of our self-esteem, our feelings about our self-concepts.

Question 27

What is self-handicapping?

Answer 27

Self-handicapping is when we purposely set ourselves up for possible failure. If we fail, we have a ready made excuse and some measure of self-protection.

Question 28

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 28

Too many people suffer from low self-esteem. There is no epidemic of low self-esteem in America or elsewhere in the world for that matter. The average person sees himself or herself as better than average, in both the United states and in 52 other cultures, including both individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

Question 29

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 29

People with high-self esteem are smarter, more likable, and more physically attractive than people with low self-esteem. There is a strong correlation between self-esteem and being smart, likable, popular and physically attractive, but this is only true for self-ratings. There is no correlation between self-esteem and others’ ratings of how likable, popular and physically attractive a person is.

Question 30

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 30

People with high self-esteem do better in school, achieve more in their jobs, and have greater life satisfaction and happiness than people with low self-esteem. There is a correlation between self-esteem and success but self-esteem is the result-not the cause- of success in school, work, and life.

Question 31

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 31

Interventions that aim to increase achievement by increasing the self-esteem of school students are successful. Not only are such programs less successful than other, more traditional methods of increasing achievements but such methods may actually backfire.

Question 32

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 32

Relationships are more likely to break up if a partner has low self-esteem than if a partner has high-self esteem. Both high and low self-esteem cause problems in relationships, so self-esteem has little to do with who stays together or who breaks up. However, low self-esteem does cause some problems in relationships, such as often distrusting a partner’s expressions of love and support.

Question 33

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 33

Bullies suffer from low self-esteem so they need to lash out and hurt others There is no correlation between self-esteem and self-report bullying or peer-reported likelihood of bullying. People with high self-esteem, especially with unstable self-esteem, with unrealistically positive self views as in narcissism, or with defensive high self-esteem are more likely to react to perceived threats with violence than people with low self-esteem

Question 34

For the following myth about self esteem, explain the true research findings:

Answer 34

People with low self-esteem are likely to abuse alcohol and other drugs than people with high self-esteem There is no correlation between drug use and self-esteem

Question 35

List five characteristics of quantitative research

Answer 35

1Tests a hypothesis that the researcher begins with
2Concepts are in the form of distinct variables
3Data are in the form of numbers
4Theory is largely causal and is deductive
5Analysis proceeds by using statistics, tables or charts

Question 36

List five characteristics of qualitative research:

Answer 36

Captures and discovers meaning from the data
Concepts are in the form of themes, motifs, generalizations, taxonomies and so on
Theory can be causal or no causal and is often inductive
Analysis proceeds by extracting themes or generalizations from evidence and organizing data to present a coherent, consistent picture.

Question 37

What is self-presentation?

Answer 37

Self-presentation is acting, speaking, or dressing a specific way to convey a specific image of ourselves to others.

Question 38

What is the regulation of self-presentation called?

Answer 38

Impression management

Question 39

What are the five most influential self-presentation tactics?

Answer 39

Ingratiation, intimidation, self-promotion, exemplification, and supplication