Unit 3

Question 1

Raymond Cattell: identified ability traits such as memory, mathematical ability, and intelligence.

So is intelligence considered a personality trait? Maybe not.

Answer 1

So is intelligence considered a personality trait? Maybe not.

1) First, recall that early studies of the Big Five defined Openness as consisting of sophistication, artistic and intellectual interested, and intelligence. Psychologists in the lexical tradition thought of this factor as Culture rather than Openness to experience, as we do today.
- However, other studies find that adjectives such as intelligent, knowledgeable, and cultured load on a Conscientiousness factor.
2) Second, when people rate themselves or a close friend on “intelligence” they are generally thinking of intelligent, rational, and logical, clear-minded, mature, and similar adjectives ability or IQ, which is what we generally think of when we think of intelligence. We seem to think of productive, motivated, hardworking, and well-organized people as having academic intelligence, even though they do not score as such on IQ tests. Indeed, when participants rate themselves on intelligence adjectives such as hardworking, smart, and knowledgeable, these end up loading on a Conscientiousness factor and are not related to measured intelligence.
- Intelligence level may affect personality measurement.
3) Third, there is evidence that there are individual differences in how people perceive and process information about the social world. Some psychologists call this emotional intelligence.
4) Finally, the whole topic of intelligence as an ability in the form of IQ has a long and controversial history in psychology. Because IQ is quite a different concept than traits, this topic is best covered in other psychology classes, not in personality classes.

Question 2

Spiritual Transcendence

Answer 2

the ability of individuals to “stand out-side of their immediate sense of time and place to view life from a larger, more objective perspective”

According to Piedmont, spiritual transcendence includes a personal search for a greater connection rather than a spiritual encounter with a higher being

Question 3

Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS):

Answer 3

after first meeting with experts from various faiths
3 facets: Prayer Fulfillment, Universality, and Connectedness
- Further, factor analysis yielded six independent factors: five for each of the five factors and one for spiritual transcendence together, this suggests that spiritual transcendence is a dimension of personality separate from the five factors of personality individuals who took meaning from things such as questioning and learning were higher in certain aspects of Openness to experience. People who were more focused on work and family tended to be higher in aspects of Conscientiousness and Extraversion.

Question 4

prayer fulfillment

Answer 4

feelings of joy and contentedness from connection with the trascendent

Question 5

universality

Answer 5

seeing humanity as a single interrelated whole such that harming one harms all

Question 6

connectedness

Answer 6

feeling belongingness to and social responsibility and gratitude for others across generations and across social groups scores on each of the three transcendence scales were only slightly related to scores on the five factors as measured by both adjectival scales and by scores on the NEO-PI-R.

Question 7

7 sexuality factors:

Answer 7

Sexual Attractiveness, Relationship Exclusivity, Gender Orientation, Sexual Restraint, Erotophilic Disposition, Emotional Investment, and Sexual Orientation.
Both the Big Five and Canadian researchers’ Ashton and Lee’s HEXACO model have been examined in terms of their relationship to the Sexy Seven, with the HEXACO model better predicting Sexual Attractiveness, Relationship Exclusivity, and Sociosexuality

Question 8

philotimo

Answer 8

(Greek term) qualities of being polite, generous, responsible, respectful, and having a strong sense of honour

Question 9

Filial Piety

Answer 9

(Chinese) qualities of caring for the mental and physical well-being of one’s elderly parents, continuing the family line, and bringing honour to one’s family and ancestors

Question 10

amae

Answer 10

(Japanese term) a state of dependency on another person and the inducing of responsibility for caregiving in that other person

Question 11

is sexuality a personality trait

Answer 11

The fact that the five-factor model is unable to account for certain culture-specific traits has drawn criticism that it is not a sufficient model of personality.

Question 12

The Five Factors in Other Cultures

Answer 12

1. Questionnaire measures of the five-factor model reliably replicate across many cultures and languages.
2. Adjectival measures of the Big Five reveal variations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness but not Openness in many different cultures.
3. Openness varies across cultures.
4. In some cultures more than five factors are needed to fully describe personality.
5. We need more research on indigenous personality to truly see which aspects of personality are universal and which are unique to a culture.

Question 13

Personality Traits Cross-Culturally: Personality Traits in China

Answer 13

Ren Qing-

Ah-Q-

Question 14

ren quing

Answer 14

(Chinese term) refers to a traditional relationship orientation emphasizing give and take and connectedness.

Question 15

Ah-Q

Answer 15

(Chinese term) defensiveness.

Question 16

Interpersonal Relatedness-

Answer 16

indigenous personality factor unique to the Chinese referring to instrumentality of relationships, propriety, avoidance of conflict, support of traditions, and compliance with norms. Includes the traits of Harmony, Ren Qing, Ah-Q, and Face.

Question 17

Triangulation-

Answer 17

the process of using multiple methods in just one program of research.
4 kinds of data are collected: s data, t data, o data, l data

Question 18

S data (Self-Report Data):

Answer 18

personality tests or questionnaires

Question 19

T data (Test Data)

Answer 19

information from testing situations that typically come from experimental procedures

Question 20

O Data (Observation Data)

Answer 20

watching people in a laboratory, daily lives or by coding behaviour from photos of videos

Question 21

L Data (Life Data)

Answer 21

publicly available information (getting married or divorced, graduating from university)

Question 22

The 4 methods spell out LOTS

Answer 22

This word actually should remind us that we should be including lots of sources of data in studies we may have in order to maximize the validity of the research that we do.
Participants were assessed in a special centre
there they would fill out personality questionnaires (S data) along with being interviewed and observed by psychologists.
O data was used when psychologists would write a paragraph that would describe each participant’s personality.
L data was used to ensure that the staff that was involved in the assessment would judge the participant’s just on their performance.
T data was used when participant’s had to do special tests, they wanted to see If the participant’s could tolerate stress and frustration by doing things such as mock interrogations or team exercises. They wanted to see if the participants could stand up to the emotional stress and the intellectual demands by keeping up with a different identity. Meanwhile they would collect information behind the scenes.
Using all of this data, the team of people involved in the assessment process would rate each participant on motivation, skill, intelligence, physical ability and aspects of personality

Question 23

Expression of Traits in Everyday Life

Answer 23

page 5 and 6

Question 24

Development

Answer 24

continuity and change in personality over time.

Question 25

Continuity or Consistency

Answer 25

in personality it means that the amount of a trait stays about the same

Question 26

Personality change

Answer 26

means that the amount of trait is different, either increased or decreased from what it was previously

Question 27

Personality Coherence

Answer 27

the underlying trait stays the same but the way it is expressed changes

Question 28

Longitudinal Study

Answer 28

an experimental design in which research participants are followed over long periods of time such as from childhood to adulthood, or from early to later adulthood

Question 29

Mean-Level Change

Answer 29

a type of general change that affects nearly all people as they grow from infancy to adulthood

Question 30

Individual Change

Answer 30

how an individual person changes over time.

Question 31

Meta-Analysis

Answer 31

a technique in which researchers combine the effects of a specific variable, like gender, from many studies into a single index in order to estimate more accurately the average effect of that variable

Question 32

William James (1890)

Answer 32

observed that “in most of us by the age of thirty, the character has set like plaster, and will never soften again”, a view once endorsed by many trait theorists stop, nor does it slow down after age 30
- Personality is consistent- but not unchanging.

Question 33

Normative Change

Answer 33

how people change over time, on average.

Question 34

Maturation

Answer 34

changes in personality that occur due to the normal process of growing from one period of life
our personality determines which situations, environments, experiences, or social roles we choose
once we choose an environment or role, the new situation reinforces these aspects of our personalities
the most common effect of life experiences on personality development is that our choice of environments and roles strengthens the very personality traits that selected them in the first place
life experiences that elicit behaviours corresponding to a person’s disposition are validating and rewarding often leading to similar behaviours and similar choices in the future

Question 35

How and Why Do Individuals Develop in Their Own Particular Ways?

Answer 35

• basically, non normative experiences make for non normative development
• by consciously taking a stand against socializing roles- some people exposed themselves to different experiences and missed out on the kinds of personality development that most people go through
• these individual differences in personality development are important because personality traits are linked to important outcomes in work, physical health, mental illness, and longevity

Question 36

Where Does Adult Personality Come From?

Answer 36

temperaments

Question 37

temperaments

Answer 37

a set of personality characteristics that are relatively stable across the life span, present from birth, determined by genetic factors, and develop with maturation and experience.
- there is little doubt that childhood temperament does predict to adult personality