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AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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0
Q

2.How do we use learning?

A

To help adapt to our environments

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1
Q
  1. What is learning?
A

Process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

3.How long does it take to form a habit?

A

About 66 days

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3
Q

4.Habituation:

A

An organism’s decreasing response to stimulus with repeated exposure

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4
Q

5.Associative learning:

A

We learn by linking two events together with cause and effect

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5
Q
  1. Stimulus:
A

Any event/situation that evokes a response

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6
Q
  1. The acquisition of mental information whether by observing events or people
A

Cognitive learning

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7
Q
  1. Who did Pavlov have shared views with?
A

Watson

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8
Q
  1. Both Pavlov and Watson believed in…
A

Behaviorism

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9
Q
  1. A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is…
A

Neutral stimuli

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10
Q
  1. A type of conditioning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
A

Classical conditioning

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11
Q
  1. Naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
A

Unconditioned response

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12
Q
  1. Conditioned response
A

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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15
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that naturally and automatically occurs

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16
Q

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association come to trigger a conditioned response

A

Conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

What does a conditioned stimulus have to be associated with to trigger a conditioned response?

A

An unconditioned stimulus (US)

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18
Q

What is it called when a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus?

A

Higher-order conditioning

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19
Q

What can reverse extinction of a behavior?

A

Spontaneous recovery

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20
Q

What is extinction?

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response

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21
Q

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses is called…

A

Generalization

22
Q

What is discrimination?

A

ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

23
Q

In operant conditioning organisms…

A

Associate their own actions with consequences

24
Q

Who proposed the law of effect?

A

Thorndike

25
Q

Law of effect:

A

Rewarded behavior is likely to recur

26
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of one’s environment

27
Q

Learning that occurs but is not represented until there is incentive to use it (hidden)

A

Latent learning

28
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution

29
Q

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

Intrinsic motivation

30
Q

Coping

A

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods

31
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly: by changing the stressor or the perception of the stressor

32
Q

Alleviating stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs

A

Emotion focused coping

33
Q

The passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

A

Learned helplessness

34
Q

When one links a NS to a U.S. So that the stimulus begins triggering a response

A

Acquisition

35
Q

Any event that strengthens behavior

A

Reinforcement

36
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually guiding actions towards the desired behavior

37
Q

A stimulus that creates a response after association with reinforcement

A

Discriminative stimulus

38
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increases behavior by presenting positive reinforcers

39
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

40
Q

These get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers

A

Conditioned stimulus

41
Q

A reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a BIOLOGICAL need

A

Primary reinforcer

42
Q

What is a reinforcement schedule?

A

How often a behavior will be rewarded

43
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Rewarding the response every time it occurs

44
Q

Partial reinforcement reinforces a response only [ ] of the time and results in [ ] acquisition but greater resistance to [ ].

A

Part, slower, extinction

45
Q

Variable ratio

A

Reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses

46
Q

Variable interval

A

Reinforces at unpredictable time intervals

47
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforces after a specified time

48
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Reinforces after a specific number of responses

49
Q

Extrinsic motivation is motivation from a desire to perform a behavior in order to…

A

Receive promised rewards or to avoid punishment

50
Q

Internal locus of control is the perception that ____ control your fate. External locus of control is the perception that ______ _______ determine your fate

A

You, outside forces

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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