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AP Human Geography > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agglomeration

A

grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources

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2
Q

Ancillary Activities

A

economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food service

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3
Q

Anthropocentric

A

human-centered; in sustainable development, this word refers to ideas that focus solely on the needs of people without considering the creatures with whom we share the planet or the ecosystem upon which we depend

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4
Q

Backwash Effect

A

the negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region

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5
Q

Break-of-Bulk Points

A

a location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets

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6
Q

Brick and Mortar Business

A

traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs; it does not exist solely on the Internet

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7
Q

Bulk-Gaining Industries

A

industries whose final products weigh more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts

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8
Q

Bulk-Reducing Industries

A

industries whose final products weigh less than their constituent parts, and whose processing facilities tend to be located close to sources of raw material

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9
Q

Conglomerate Corporation

A

a firm that is compromised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions

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10
Q

Core

A

national or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated

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11
Q

Core-Periphery Model

A

a model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region

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12
Q

Cottage Industry

A

an industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories

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13
Q

Deglomeration

A

the dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration

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14
Q

Development

A

the process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional resource potential

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15
Q

E-Commerce

A

web-based economic activities

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16
Q

Economic Backwaters

A

regions that fail to gain from national economic development

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17
Q

Ecotourism

A

a form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way

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18
Q

Export-Processing Zone

A

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

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19
Q

Fast World

A

areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation technologies

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20
Q

Footloose Firms

A

manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm

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21
Q

Fordism

A

system of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford

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22
Q

Foreign Investment

A

overseas business investments made by private companies

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23
Q

Gender Equity

A

a measure of the opportunities given to a woman compared to men within a given country

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24
Q

Globalization

A

the idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected on a global scale such that smaller scales of political and economic life are becoming obsolete

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25
Q

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

A

the total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year

26
Q

GNP (Gross National Product)

A

the total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year

27
Q

HDI (Human Development Index)

A

measure used by the UN that calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare

28
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

the rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century

29
Q

Industrialization

A

process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods

30
Q

Industrialized Countries

A

those countries including, Britain, France, US, Russia, German, and Japan, that were all at the forefront of industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20th century

31
Q

Least-Cost Theory

A

a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or degglomeration

32
Q

least-developed countries

A

those countries including countries in Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South America and Asia, that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living

33
Q

manufacturing region

A

a region which manufacturing activities have clustered together

34
Q

maquiladoras

A

those US firms that have factories just outside the US/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government

35
Q

net national product

A

a measure of all the goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity

36
Q

nonrenewable resources

A

natural resources, such as fossil fuels, that do not replenish themselves in a time frame that is relevant that is relevant for human consumption

37
Q

offshore financial center

A

areas that have specially designed to promote business transactions, and thus have become centers for banking and finance

38
Q

outsourcing

A

sending industrial processes out for external production

39
Q

periphery

A

countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living

40
Q

primary economic activities

A

economic activities in which natural resources are made available for use or further processing, including mining, agriculture, forestry, and fishing

41
Q

productivity

A

a measure of the goods and services produce within a particular country

42
Q

PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)

A

a monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries

43
Q

quaternary economic activities

A

economic activities concerned with research, information gathering, and administration

44
Q

quinary economic activities

A

the most advanced form of quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research

45
Q

regionalization

A

the process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country

46
Q

renewable resources

A

any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of human life

47
Q

rostow’s stages of development

A

a model of economic development that describes a country’s progression which occurs in five stages transforming them form least-developed to most-developed

48
Q

rust belt

A

the manufacturing region in the US that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environment regulations

49
Q

secondary economic activities

A

economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation

50
Q

semiperiphery

A

those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia

51
Q

service-based economies

A

highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications

52
Q

slow world

A

the developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology

53
Q

spatially fixed costs

A

an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located

54
Q

spatially variable costs

A

an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs

55
Q

specialty goods

A

goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities

56
Q

sustainable development

A

the idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same

57
Q

tertiary economic activities

A

activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services

58
Q

transnational corporations

A

a firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as multinational corporation

59
Q

world cities

A

a group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce

60
Q

world-systems theory

A

theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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