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AP Human Geography > Final Studying > Flashcards

Final Studying Flashcards

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1
Q

Active solar energy systems

A

solar energy system that collects energy through mechanical devices

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2
Q

animate power

A

power supplied by humans or animals

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3
Q

animism

A

belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events have a spirit

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4
Q

annexation

A

legally adding land area to a city in the states

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5
Q

apartheid

A

laws (no longer in effect) that physically separated different races in south africa to different areas

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6
Q

autonomous religion

A

a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

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7
Q

balkanization

A

process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

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8
Q

balkanized

A

a failed attempt to a state due to conflicts between the ethnicities

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9
Q

basic industries

A

industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

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10
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

A

amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution

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11
Q

biodiversity

A

the number of species within a specific habitat

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12
Q

biomass fuel

A

fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

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13
Q

blockbusting

A

a process where real estate agents convince the owners to sell at a low price and raise the price drastically for the new black inhabitants

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14
Q

branch (of a religion)

A

a large and fundamental division within a religion

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15
Q

breeder reactor

A

a nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium

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16
Q

business services

A

business that gives services to other businesses

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17
Q

census track

A

an area delineated by the U.S bureau of the census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, it corresponds to neighborhoods

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18
Q

census

A

a complete enumeration of a population

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19
Q

central place theory

A

a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and father apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

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20
Q

central place

A

a market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area

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21
Q

centripetal force

A

brings people together

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22
Q

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

A

a gas used as a solvent, a propellent in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers

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23
Q

concentric zone model

A

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

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24
Q

consumer services

A

businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services

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25
Q

cosmogony

A

a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

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26
Q

creole or creolized language

A

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

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27
Q

cultural ecology

A

geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

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28
Q

demographic transition

A

the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate if natural increase, and a higher total population

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29
Q

demography

A

the scientific study of population characteristics

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30
Q

denomination

A

the division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

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31
Q

density gradient

A

the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

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32
Q

diocese

A

the basic unit of geographical organization in the Roman Catholic Church

33
Q

Ebonics

A

dialect spoken by some african-americans

34
Q

economic base

A

a community’s collection of base industries

35
Q

Ecumene

A

the portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

36
Q

enclosure movement

A

the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 1700’s

37
Q

environmental determinism

A

a 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human actions

38
Q

epidemiological transition

A

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

39
Q

epidemiology

A

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

40
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

41
Q

ethnicity

A

identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions

42
Q

federal state

A

an internal organization of a state that allocates more powers to units of local governments

43
Q

ferrous

A

metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel

44
Q

filtering

A

a process of of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

45
Q

frontier

A

a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

46
Q

functional (or nodal) region

A

an area organized around a node or focal point

47
Q

fundamentalism

A

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

48
Q

gravity model

A

a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

49
Q

greenbelt

A

a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

50
Q

horticulture

A

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

51
Q

ideograms

A

the system of writing used in china and other east asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound

52
Q

intensive subsistence agriculture

A

a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

53
Q

international migration

A

permanent movement from one country to another

54
Q

interregional migration

A

permanent movement from one region of a country to another

55
Q

intraregional migration

A

permanent movement within one region of a country

56
Q

isogloss

A

a boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate

57
Q

language branch

A

a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago

58
Q

language family

A

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor before recorded history

59
Q

language group

A

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past

60
Q

lingua franca

A

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

61
Q

metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

A

in the usa, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent countries meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

62
Q

micropolitan statistical area

A

an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the country in which it is found, and adjacent countries tied to the city

63
Q

milkshed

A

the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

64
Q

nationalism

A

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

65
Q

nationality

A

identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there

66
Q

nation-state

A

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

67
Q

new international division of labor

A

transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

68
Q

nonbasic industries

A

industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community

69
Q

pagan

A

a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times

70
Q

passive solar energy systems

A

solar energy system that collects energy without machinery

71
Q

pastoral nomadism

A

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

72
Q

peripheral model

A

a model of north american urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas

73
Q

photochemical smog

A

an atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution

74
Q

photovoltaic cell

A

solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity

75
Q

polder

A

land created by the dutch by draining water from an area

76
Q

possibilism

A

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

77
Q

primate city rule

A

a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest city has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

78
Q

producer services

A

services that primarily help people conduct business

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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