Final Studying Flashcards
Active solar energy systems
solar energy system that collects energy through mechanical devices
animate power
power supplied by humans or animals
animism
belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events have a spirit
annexation
legally adding land area to a city in the states
apartheid
laws (no longer in effect) that physically separated different races in south africa to different areas
autonomous religion
a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
balkanization
process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
balkanized
a failed attempt to a state due to conflicts between the ethnicities
basic industries
industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution
biodiversity
the number of species within a specific habitat
biomass fuel
fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
blockbusting
a process where real estate agents convince the owners to sell at a low price and raise the price drastically for the new black inhabitants
branch (of a religion)
a large and fundamental division within a religion
breeder reactor
a nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium
business services
business that gives services to other businesses
census track
an area delineated by the U.S bureau of the census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, it corresponds to neighborhoods
census
a complete enumeration of a population
central place theory
a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and father apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
central place
a market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area
centripetal force
brings people together
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
a gas used as a solvent, a propellent in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers
concentric zone model
a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
consumer services
businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services
cosmogony
a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
creole or creolized language
a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
cultural ecology
geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
demographic transition
the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate if natural increase, and a higher total population
demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
denomination
the division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
density gradient
the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery
diocese
the basic unit of geographical organization in the Roman Catholic Church
Ebonics
dialect spoken by some african-americans
economic base
a community’s collection of base industries
Ecumene
the portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
enclosure movement
the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 1700’s
environmental determinism
a 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human actions
epidemiological transition
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people
ethnic cleansing
process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
ethnicity
identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
federal state
an internal organization of a state that allocates more powers to units of local governments
ferrous
metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel
filtering
a process of of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
frontier
a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
functional (or nodal) region
an area organized around a node or focal point
fundamentalism
literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
gravity model
a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
greenbelt
a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
horticulture
the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
ideograms
the system of writing used in china and other east asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
international migration
permanent movement from one country to another
interregional migration
permanent movement from one region of a country to another
intraregional migration
permanent movement within one region of a country
isogloss
a boundary that separates regions in which different languages usages predominate
language branch
a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
language family
a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor before recorded history
language group
a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past
lingua franca
a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
in the usa, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent countries meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city
micropolitan statistical area
an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the country in which it is found, and adjacent countries tied to the city
milkshed
the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
nationality
identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
nation-state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
new international division of labor
transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries
nonbasic industries
industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community
pagan
a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
passive solar energy systems
solar energy system that collects energy without machinery
pastoral nomadism
a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
peripheral model
a model of north american urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas
photochemical smog
an atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution
photovoltaic cell
solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity
polder
land created by the dutch by draining water from an area
possibilism
the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
primate city rule
a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest city has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
producer services
services that primarily help people conduct business
