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BIO 201 Exam 3 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Great oxidation event

A

created conditions for widespread aerobic respiration, eukaryotes and transformed the planet
-led to aerobic respiration then aerobic respiration in eukaryotes

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2
Q

Stromatolites

A

fossilized microbes (cyanobacteria)

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3
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

does not produce O2
produces high energy molecule, elemental sulfur, H2O
random mutations that turned out to be beneficial=evolved to oxygenic photosynthesis

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4
Q

Photosynthesis in bacteria

A

can produce the carbohydrate formeldahyde

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5
Q

Increased O2 levels caused

A

molecules that were once uncommon became more common, produced sulfur acid which caused chemical weathering of rocks and leaching of minerals necessary for life into rivers and oceans

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

requires O2
-much more efficient than anaerobic respiration because it produces more ATP
-random mutations made this happen and proven to be advantage

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7
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria

A

-changed earth through oxygenic photosynthesis
-initial oxygenation of the biosphere, production of organic carbon, increased nutrient availability to other organisms

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8
Q

Bacteria and archaea

A

-changed earth through aerobic cellular respiration

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9
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

-changed earth through nitrogen fixation (conversion of N2 to ammonia)
-nitrogen availability to other organisms in the biosphere

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10
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

-invented and performed by bacteria that converts unusable nitrogen into a form that is useable by living organisms
-requires minerals, made more available that O2 increase made through weathering, increased nitrogen fixation
-can happen biologically, industrial, lightning

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11
Q

Bacteria fixation

A

covering of nitrogen gas to ammonia, occurs in roots of some plants
-ammonia enters soil, goes through nitrification, converts to nitrites, converts to nitrates (done by microbes/bacteria)
-takes place in soil with abundant oxygen

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12
Q

Denitrification

A

performed by bacteria in habitats with low oxygen levels, result in conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas
-can also result in release of nitrous oxide (green house gas)

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13
Q

Causes of N2O production

A

-fertilizers
-denitrifying microbes are unable to fully convert nitrate to N2, N2O gas is released from the soil before it can be converted into N2
-decomposition of human waste produces ammonium

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14
Q

Global warming

A

-N2O increasing in atmosphere, related to human activities
-fertilizers increased production of N2O
-greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and redirect heat energy towards earth
-N2O more powerful than CO2

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15
Q

Traits that helped aquatic algae transform into land plants

A

-drying out and protection from solar radiation
-reproduction without water
-structural support on land
-moving materials against gravity

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16
Q

Cuticle

A

-benefit=structure that allowed for water loss prevention and UV protection
-drawback=what about gas exchange, cuticle evolves

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17
Q

Stoma

A

-hole that can open and close in cuticle, CO2 goes inside, O2 goes outside, evolved to help drawback of cuticle

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18
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars (food)
2 way tube, goes up and down

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19
Q

Xylem

A

transports water
1 way from roots to leaves

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20
Q

Plant plumbing

A

having plumbing system allowed plants to get large
more size=more carbon storing in its tissues=more CO2 being removed from atmosphere=more oxygen produced

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21
Q

Plant innovations impact on earths atmosphere

A

massive increase in oxygen production
massive decrease in carbon dioxide
changes in global temperature
evolution of giant insects

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22
Q

Spiracles

A

where gas exchange occurs in giant insects
increased O2, increased respiration and metabolic rates

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23
Q

Spores

A

-part of plant reproduction
-one celled haploid reproductive units that aid in dispersal to new locations

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24
Q

Pollination

A

movement of pollen (male gametophyte) to plant female structure
-results in fertilization

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25
Q

Gymnosperms

A

wind moves pollen
seeds, no fruits

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26
Q

Angiosperms

A

animals move pollen
fruits with seeds

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27
Q

Seeds

A

baby plants (product of fertilization) inside a protective sheath (seed coat)

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28
Q

Fruits

A

come from flowers and promote seed dispersal

29
Q

Mosses and ferns

A

-has swimming sperm (limited dispersal)
-has spores dispersed by wind (limited dispersal)
-no pollen (gametophyte large and on ground)
-no seeds
-no seeds with food for embryo

30
Q

Gymnosperms

A

-no swimming sperm
-no spores dispersed by wind (spores inside organism)
-has pollen (limited wind dispersal)
-has seeds (in cones, limited dispersal)
-no seeds with food for embryo

31
Q

Angiosperms

A

-no swimming sperm
-no spores dispersed by wind (spores are inside organism)
-has pollen (extensive animal dispersal)
-has seeds (inside fruits, animal dispersal)
-has seeds with food for embryo (endosperm inside the seed)

32
Q

Synapomorphy

A

derived character state uniquely shared by a group of taxa

33
Q

Gymnosperm adaptations that promote expansion

A

-can survive in very cold and dry conditions
-extra thick waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, pointy scale like leaves prevent water loss (low surface area less evaporation)
-do not shed their leaves

34
Q

Greening of the continents impact

A

+ global oxygen
- CO2 levels
nutrient cycling patterns
resources for animal life living on land
geological processes

35
Q

What happens to dead and indigestible tissues

A

decomposition, combustion, fossilization

36
Q

Decomposition

A

dead and indigestible things undergo chemical reactions that create new molecules
-decomposer organisms rearrange molecules of dead tissue to create new molecules that they can use for energy, tissue building and storage
-dead matter is decomposers food (provides matter and energy)

37
Q

Fungi

A

-digest food outside their bodies
-absorptive heterotrophy- secreting digestive enzymes then absorb the breakdown
-large surface area=lose water easily
-tolerate low and high temps
-principal decomposers of cellulose, lignin, keratin
-without them earths carbon cycle would fail, carbon would be buried
-made soil suitable for first land plants
-pass phosphorus from rocks onto plants which is required for photosynthesis

38
Q

Saprobes

A

fungi that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter
return carbon to the atmosphere as respiratory CO2 available for photosynthesis by plants

39
Q

Absorptive heterotrophy

A

digestion occurs outside the fungus, absorbs the digested food

40
Q

Hyphae

A

fungal tissues
carbon is used as building block to make more
energy from bonds is used to perform work
CO2 is released as byproduct
cell walls have chitin
incomplete cross walls would be septa or septa
without septa=coencytic

41
Q

Mycelium

A

fungal body
composed of tubular filaments (hyphae)

42
Q

Rhizoids

A

modified hyphae for anchoring

43
Q

Combustion

A

burning, breaks down dead tissues, releases CO2 into the air

44
Q

Fossilization

A

fossilized vascular tissue=coal
-ancient plants that experienced the right combination of heat and pressure= fossilized and became coal
-not easily broken down
-burning coal=extracting energy, CO2 is released

45
Q

Ancestral eukaryote

A

reproduced by mitosis
haploid cell–>mitosis–>mating and fertilization—>diploid cell–>meiosis–>haploid cell

46
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

organism makes exact copies of itself, offspring are identical to parent and each other
benefits=faster, easier, takes fewer resources, replicates successful individuals
disadvantages=if environment changes-all die, parasites and predators tend to specialize on most common-all die, disease pathogens tend to specialize on most common-all die

47
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

involves mating and meiosis (recombination, independent assortment), offspring are different from parents and each other, can happen in single and multicellular organisms
benefits=variable offspring, novel variants, some resistant to parasitism, some survive in changing environment, recombination helps generate chromosomes without harmful alleles
disadvantages=slower, requires energy resources to find mates, increases vulnerability to predators, risks of STDs, breaks up favorable combinations of alleles, new variants may not survive as well

48
Q

Life cycle

A

stages of an organisms life from origination as a single cell through growth, development, maturation and reproduction giving rise to next generation

49
Q

Mosses life cycle

A

multicellular haploid stage (gametophyte)–>sperm cells produced by mitosis, egg cells produced by mitosis–>fertilization requires water–>diploid zygote–>growth by mitosis–>multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte)–>meiosis–>haploid spores–>dispersal through air–>germination and development by mitosis–>new gametophytes

50
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms life cycle

A

multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte)–>meiosis–>female haploid spores and male haploid spores
female–>female gameotyphyte stays inside plant–>produces egg cells by mitosis–>fertilization–>diploid zygote–>growth by mitosis–>sporophyte
males–>male gametophyte pollen leaves plant disperses through air–>produces per cells by mitosis–>fertilization and same as female

Angiosperms=double fertilization (2n zygote and 3n endosperms)
-2 male gametes participate

51
Q

Endosperm

A

the product of double fertilization, food for the embryonic sporophyte during early development, food for zygote

52
Q

Cnidarians

A

-includes corals, jellyfish, anemone
-sexual and asexual reproduction
-polyp and medusa=mature forms

53
Q

Tetrapods

A

four leg vertebrates

54
Q

Amniote egg

A

reproductive innovation that provided a away for tetrapods to reproduce on land
contains an aquatic environment inside for the embryo
protected by a shell, shell allowed gas exchange

55
Q

Pseudogenes

A

“dead genes”

56
Q

New life cycle traits

A

Moses=multicellular diploid stage that produces spores by meiosis
gymno and angiosperms=pollen (male gametophyte), seeds
angiosperms=double fertilization resulting in endosperm
Cnidarians=shifting between sexual and asexual reproduction, diverse body forms
Tetrapods=amniote egg

57
Q

Both organisms benefit

A

mutualism

58
Q

1 harm, 1 benefited

A

predation, herbivory, parasitism, infectious diseases

59
Q

Both organisms harmed

A

competition

60
Q

Symbiosis

A

species living very closely together

61
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

one species living inside of another species

62
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

states that mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from bacteria
mitochondria=involved in ATP production
chloroplasts=involved in photosynthesis
-host cell gains factory for respiration, ATP generation, photosynthesis, sugar production, symbiont gains protection, nutrients, long term reproductive success
-led to evolution of eukaryotes, photosynthetic eukaryotes

63
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

essential to almost all vascular plants to increase water and mineral uptake
fungus woven around roots that gets sugars and amino acids from the plant
-host plant relieves more water and nutrients, fungi receive sugar and amino acids from host plant
-enabled plants to colonize land

64
Q

Coral mutualism

A

-host receives sugars and O2 from algal symbiont, algal receives protection and nutrients and CO2
-led to coral reefs providing 25-30% of all marine species, sequester huge amount of carbon as calcium carbonate

65
Q

Human gut microbiome

A

-microbes aid in digestion and produce nutrients that host cannot produce itself, microbes receive food and place to live
-led to positive effects on human health

66
Q

Fungi impact on humanity

A

-antibiotics
-penicillin
-food crops
-yeasts
-absorptive heterotropy of crops
-animal parasites

67
Q

Angiosperm impact on humaity

A

-majority of matter in body can be traced to carbon from angiosperms
-flowering plants

68
Q

Corn

A

2 sources of energy
embryo, endosperm
-most abundant angiosperms
-production requires large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, requires large amounts of energy, nitrogen runoff

69
Q

Ecosystem services

A

provisioning= food, wood, medicines, energy, fibers
regulating=water filtration, waste decomposition, pollination, climate regulation, disease control
cultural=aesthetic, spiritual, personal growth, lesser, fun
-use these to determine worth, value, cost

BIO 201 Exam 3 (2 decks)

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