unit 6 Flashcards
Memory
process of storing and retrieving information in our brains
Encoding
moving information into the memory system, automatic processing & effortful processing.
Storage
retention of information, sensory & short term and long term.
Retrieval
accessing memories after they have been stored.
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding.
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Sensory Memories
deciding if a sensation is important or not (1-4 seconds).
Short Term Memories
hold 5-9 chunks of info at one time (20 seconds without rehearsal).
Long Term Memories
permanent and limitless.
Explicit Memories
memories that you are aware of using (hippocampus + frontal lobes), facts and experiences.
Implicit Memories
memories that you are not aware of using (cerebellum), skills & tasks (“body memory”).
Recall
remembering something “off the top of your head.”
Recognition
remembering something once you have seen it.
Cognitive Abilities
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.
Concept
in order to make sense of information, the brain develops concepts.
Prototype
best example of a concept.
Concept Hierarchy
used to keep mental information organized.
Algorithm
a strategy that guarantees a solution.
Heuristic
rule of thumb that makes a situation likely but not guaranteed.
Insight
sudden realization of a solution.
Fixation
an idea applied so rigidly it hinders solutions.
Confirmation Bias
focus on information to confirm preconceptions.
Framing
the way an issue is presented can affect judgment.
Overconfidence
confidence is greater than accuracy.
Intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and apply knowledge to new solutions.
Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence
there are 8 types of intelligence (music, picture, body, people, word, logic, nature & self).
Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence
there are 3 types of intelligence (analytical: analyze, compare & evaluate; creative: create, invent & design; practical: apply, use & do).
Alfred Binet
developed the first intelligence test, created mental age.
Mental Age
difficulty of questions answered.
Stanford-Binet Test
created the intelligence quotient (IQ), Lewis Stanford built onto the test.
IQ
Intelligence quotient
IQ Formula
divide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100.
Wechsler
(David Wechsler) created a battery of individual tests, meant to test different age groups verbal & non-verbal abilities.
