Unit 6 Flashcards
Why are ethics important in research methods?
ensures balance between:
- rights of living beings
- need to broaden scientific knowledge
What do ethical behaviours play a key role in?
promoting objectivity
-> prevent fabrication and falsification of date out of e.g. a conflict of interest or other biases
Why is it important to adhere to ethical norms in research?
- Norms promote aims of research (e.g. knowledge, truth, etc.)
- Promote values important for collaborative work (e.g. fairness, respect, etc.)
- make sure researchers can be held responsible
- help build public support
-> great quality and integrity -> funds
Which where the first two articles that ethical standards in research originated from?
Nuremberg code
Declaration of Helsinki
Nuremberg code
1947
Nazi doctors put to trial
Declaration of Helsinki
1964
last revision: 2013
Revision of nuremberg code accepted by World medical assembly (WMA)
Recommendations for doctors in clinical research
What did the Nuremberg code and the declaration of Helsinki lack and what did it lead to?
didnt explicitly adress behavioral research (seen as more applicable to medicine)
-> Better approach to human research needed
-> Belmont report
Belmont report
1979
Ethical principles for protection of human subjects in research
Basic Principles:
- Beneficence
- Respect for people (autonomy)
- Justice
What is one of the major studies responsible for the need of the proper ethical guidelines provided by the Belmont report and what happened in it?
Tuskegee Syphillis Study
To track disease’s full progression
-> no help provided to African American participants
-> severe health problems and death
-> Men given Placebos instead of Penicillin ( recommended treatment for Syphilis since 1947)
When did the Tuskegee syphilis study take place?
1932-1974
What are psychologists commited to according to the preamble of the APA Ethics Code?
increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behaviour
using knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations and society
Principles for ethical conduct
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Fidelity and responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People’s Rights and dignity
Beneficence and Nomaleficence
Psychologists strife to benefit and safeguard those with whom they work
-> take care
-> avoid or minimise harm
Fidelity and responsability
Establishment of relationship of trust
-> professional and scientific responsability
Consultation and cooperation with other professionals to serve best interest of patients
Integrity
Accuracy, honesty, truthfulness in science, teaching and pracitice
-> dont engage in fraud
-> need for consideration of lies, and their risks, if they could maximise benefits and minimise harm
Justice
entitles everybody to access and benefit from contributions of psychology
->try best to prevent biases and unjust practice
Respect for people’s rights and Dignity
Rights to privacy, confidentiality and self-determination
-> respect differences
-> limit effect of biases
-> informed consent
risk-benefit ratio
relationship between risks to participants and benefits for participants and society
Potential risks for participants
physical harm
confidentiality and privacy
Stress and Distress
Debriefing
occurs after completion of a study
explains purpose of the research
opportunity to deal with issues of withholding information, deception and potential harmful effects
Why are ethical review boards established?
to ensure that rights and welfare of research subjects are protected
Exempt, minimal risk and at-risk research
Exempt research: no risk
Minimal risk research: minimal risk involved
At-risk research: higher risk
Autonomy issues
Working with minors: consent of parents needed alongside assent (consent of a minor)
coercion: procedure that limits freedom to consent
Why is it sometimes necessary to withhold information?
providing too much information could invalidate results
Forms of fraud
- scientist fails to collect data
-> manufactures it - collected data altered or ommited to make results look better
- some data collected, missing data guessed or created to fit expectations
- study suppressed because results failt to come out as expected
Why is fraud easily detected?
Faked results wont be replicated
may be detected or suspected during peer-review process
collaborators may suspect it
Why do people fake results?
individual or societal reasons
academic reward system
publish or perish pressure
