Unit 6 Flashcards
Describe at least three differences between RNA and DNA.
RNA is single-stranded, A binds with U, and the sugar has a carbon. DNA is double-stranded, A binds to T, and there’s no carbon in the sugar.
What direction is DNA replicated?
5’ to 3’
Why is it called semiconservative replication?
Each daughter strand acts as a template for the new strand of DNA
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strands?
The leading strand is continuous and the DNA polymerase is moving toward the replication fork; the lagging strand is made up of small (Okazaki) fragments and the DNA polymerase is moving away from the replication fork
What glues the fragments together?
An enzyme called ligase
Know how DNA is transcribed into RNA.
The DNA is unzipped at the promoter and the RNA polymerase makes a complementary strand of RNA from the template strand in a 5’ to 3’ direction. The coding strand is the one that isn’t copied. It stops transcribing when it reaches the termination site.
How is RNA translated into amino acids?
The bases are grouped into codons that can be put through a chart to find out what amino acid they make
How do amino acids determine the trait of an organism? (Review uni-griffin assignment)
The sequence of amino acids determines the function of the protein. The amino acids become proteins whose function influences the traits of an organism. There are amino acids in the gene for each specific trait
Know what the operator does for the lac operon. What happens when the repressor is bound to the operator?
It is where the repressor binds to the operator and causes the RNA polymerase to be unable to pass which stops the transcription
What is the function of the promoter for the lac operon?
It’s a short sequence of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds to to start the transcription; tells it where to start.
Nonsense Mutation
occurs when a mutation changes an amino acid to a stop codon, the ribosome stops translating, and the protein is not fully made.
Missense Mutation
occurs when a mutation changes the amino acid sequence; conservative: properties of the amino acid remain the same, non-conservative: properties of the amino acid change.
Insertion Mutation
a type of frameshift mutation; the addition of one DNA nucleotide that throws off which bases are paired together in a codon.
Deletion Mutation
a type of frameshift mutation; the removal of one DNA nucleotide that throws off which bases are paired together in a codon.
Which fragments of DNA travel the farthest in gel electrophoresis?
The shortest fragments because they’re the lightest
