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AP Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Hypothesis

A

a testable statement about the natural world

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2
Q

Scientific Theory

A

well-studied explanation of a part of the natural world; should be clear, well-studied, testable, flexible, explain anomalies, create questions, and fit with other theories

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3
Q

Scientific Fact

A

observation that is repeatedly confirmed

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4
Q

Scientific Law

A

mathematical relationship that describes how the natural world behaves under specificconditions.

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5
Q

Dependent Variable

A

changes because of manipulation; on y-axis

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6
Q

Independent Variable

A

the one that you change; on x-axis

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7
Q

Controlled Experiment

A

has one variable changed at a time

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8
Q

6 Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Grow and Develop 2. Respond to Stimuli/ Homeostasis 3. Reproduce 4. Obtain and Use Energy 5. have Genetic Code 6. Have Cells
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9
Q

Levels of Biological Organization

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere

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10
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

take electrons from others; the weakest bonds

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11
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

share bonds between electrons; strongest bonds

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12
Q

Protons

A

positively charged

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13
Q

Electrons

A

negatively charged

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14
Q

Neurons

A

no electric charge

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15
Q

Elements are made up of ___.

A

atoms

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16
Q

Carbon is ____ which means the electrical charges are distributed evenly.

A

nonpolar

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17
Q

Specific Heat of Water

A

the quantity of heat to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celcius degree; 1 calorie per gram per Celcius degree

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18
Q

Adhesion of Water

A

when water sticks to other substances

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19
Q

Cohesion of Water

A

when water sticks to itself

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20
Q

Surface Tension of Water

A

what makes a belly flop hurt

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21
Q

Polarity of Water

A

water is polar; that means it has both (+) and (-) charges and can attract both (+) and (-) molecules

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22
Q

Solute

A

what is dissolved in the solvent

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23
Q

Solvent

A

liquid that dissolves the solute

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24
Q

Solution

A

liquid mixture where the solute and solvent are evenly distributed

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25
Q

Saltwater has a _____ density than tap water because the salt _____ to the density of the water.

A

higher; added

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26
Q

4 Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

27
Q

What enzyme was used in the potato lab?

28
Q

What affects how well an enzyme works?

A

The temperature and pH levels; temp: 20<x<50 degrees Celcius

29
Q

What potato had the biggest reactions? Which one had the smallest?

A

the frozen potato had the best, boiled potato had the worst

30
Q

Acids

A

solution with lots of H+ ions; 0-6

31
Q

Bases

A

solutions with lots of OH- ions; 8-14

32
Q

Carboxyl

A

H-O-C=O; double bonded oxygen; a lipid

33
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

the force that holds atoms or compounds together

34
Q

Compound

A

contains two or more variables combined in a fixed ratio

35
Q

Dehydration

A

2 sugars fusing with water as a byproduct

36
Q

Element

A

substance that can be broken down into similar substances

37
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

bonded by polarity between two different molecules

38
Q

Hydrolysis

A

1 sugar combines with water to form 2 sugars; water splits sugar

39
Q

Monomer

A

small building block

40
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

form between 2 amino acids

41
Q

Polarity

A

the unequal sharing of electrons

42
Q

R Groups

A

leftovers that make proteins fold, nonpolar r groups are hydrophobic

43
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded genetic material

44
Q

Substrate

A

molecule that is bonded or changed by an enzyme

45
Q

Carbohydrate Elements

46
Q

Carbohydrate Monomer

47
Q

Carbohydrate Function

A

used for energy and energy storage

48
Q

Carbohydrate Examples

A

rice, pasta, fruit, plants

49
Q

Carbohydrate Structure-Function Relationship

A

Starch- stores extra glucose in plants
Glycogen- stores extra glucose in animals
Cellulose- makes straight bonds and is stackable and structured.

50
Q

Lipid Elements

51
Q

Lipid Monomers

A

Fatty acids

52
Q

Lipid Function

A

Phospholipids- form cell membrane
Fats- store energy
Steroids- signal molecules

53
Q

Lipid Examples

A

Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; saturated fats- solid like butter or animal fat unsaturated fats- liquids like oil

54
Q

Lipid Structure-Function Relationship

A

Phospholipid Bilayer- both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Triglycerides (Fats)- mare energy dense= more calories
Steroids- Hydrophobic and can directly enter a cell to produce a response that starts right away

55
Q

Protein Elements

A

C, H, O, N

56
Q

Protein Monomer

A

Amino acids

57
Q

Protein Function

A

Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions

58
Q

Protein Examples

59
Q

Protein Structure-Function Relationship

A

Sequence of amino acids determines the structure ad function of the protein because enzymes are specific

60
Q

Nucleic Acid Elements

A

C, H, O, N, P

61
Q

Nucleic Acid Monomers

A

Nucleotides

62
Q

Nucleic Acid Function

A

Makes DNA and RNA

63
Q

Nucleic Acid Examples

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

AP Biology (7 decks)

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