Unit 6 Flashcards
persevere
Verb
1
continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or no prospect of success.
his family persevered with his treatment
fluent
Adjective
1
(of a person) able to express oneself easily and articulately.
a fluent speaker and writer on technical subjects
idiom
Noun
1
a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g., rain cats and dogs, see the light ).
2
a characteristic mode of expression in music or art.
they were both working in a neo-impressionist idiom
You can say that again
I totally agree with you.
having said that
despite that
in spite of that; nevertheless.
“that was tough but, having said that, I think it’s taught us all a lesson”
there is to be said for
—used with words such as something, a lot, much, etc., to indicate that something has advantages which deserve to be considered when someone is thinking about what to do
There is something to be said for small weddings.
There’s a lot to be said for traveling abroad to learn a language.
To say the least
used as an understatement (implying the reality is more extreme, usually worse).
“his performance was disappointing to say the least”
when all is said and done
: after considering or doing everything —used for a final general statement or judgment
It won’t be easy, but when all is said and done, we’ll be glad we did it.
The candidates claim to have different views but, when all is said and done, they’re very much alike.
needless to say
of course.
“needless to say, he didn’t believe me”
that is to say
or more exactly:
Our friends, that is to say our son’s friends, will meet us at the airport.
have a say
Also, have a voice in. Have the right or power to influence or make a decision about something. For example, I want to have a say in this matter, or Citizens want to have a voice in their local government. [c. 1600]
2
have one’s say. Express one’s views, as in As soon as I’ve had my say I’ll sit down. [Late 1600s]
3
have the say. Be in command, as in The general has the say over which troops will be sent. [Early 1800s]
spill
Verb
1
cause or allow (liquid) to flow over the edge of its container, especially unintentionally.
you’ll spill that tea if you’re not careful
Noun
1
a quantity of liquid that has spilled or been spilled.
wipe up spills immediately
devastate
Verb
1
destroy or ruin (something).
the city was devastated by a huge earthquake
wherever
Adverb
1
in or to whatever place (emphasizing a lack of restriction).
meet me wherever you like
2
used for emphasis instead of “where” in questions, typically expressing surprise or confusion.
wherever can he have gone to?
Conjunction
1
in every case when.
use whole grain breakfast cereals wherever possible
هر کجا که
elect
Verb
1
choose (someone) to hold public office or some other position by voting.
the members who were elected to the committee
Adjective
1
(of a person) chosen or singled out.
Noun
1
people who are chosen or singled out.
one of the century’s elect
impersonal
Adjective
1
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings.
the impersonal march of progress
2
not existing as a person; having no personality.
he gradually came to believe in an impersonal God
3
GRAMMAR
(of a verb) used only with a formal subject (in English usually it ) and expressing an action not attributable to a definite subject (as in it is snowing ).
incoherent
Adjective
1
(of spoken or written language) expressed in an incomprehensible or confusing way; unclear.
he screamed some incoherent threat
tongue
Noun
1
the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a mammal, used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and (in humans) articulating speech.
2
used in reference to a person’s style or manner of speaking.
he was a redoubtable debater with a caustic tongue
correspond
Verb
1
have a close similarity; match or agree almost exactly.
the carved heads described in the poem correspond to those in the drawing
2
communicate by exchanging letters.
Margaret corresponded with him until his death
recap
INFORMAL Verb 1 state again as a summary; recapitulate. a way of recapping the story so far Noun 1 a summary of what has been said; a recapitulation. a quick recap of the idea and its main advantages
close
Adjective
1
a short distance away or apart in space or time.
the hotel is close to the sea
2
denoting a family member who is part of a person’s immediate family, typically a parent or sibling.
the family history of cancer in close relatives
3
(of observation, examination, etc.) done in a careful and thorough way.
pay close attention to what your body is telling you about yourself
4
uncomfortably humid or airless.
a close, hazy day
Adverb
1
in a position so as to be very near to someone or something; with very little space between.
they stood close to the door
Verb
1
move or cause to move so as to cover an opening.
she jumped into the train just as the doors were closing
2
bring or come to an end.
the members were thanked for attending and the meeting was closed
3
(of a business, organization, or institution) cease to be in operation or accessible to the public, either permanently or at the end of a working day or other period of time.
the factory is to close with the loss of 150 jobs
4
gradually get nearer to someone or something.
they plotted a large group of aircraft about 130 miles away and closing fast
Noun
1
the end of an event or of a period of time or activity.
the afternoon drew to a close
2
the shutting of something, especially a door.
the door jerked to a close behind them
conclude
Verb
1
bring (something) to an end.
they conclude their study with these words
2
arrive at a judgment or opinion by reasoning.
the doctors concluded that Esther had suffered a stroke
summarize
Verb
1
give a brief statement of the main points of (something).
these results can be summarized in the following table
recall
Verb
1
bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one’s mind; remember.
I can still vaguely recall being taken to the hospital
2 officially order (someone) to return to a place. the Panamanian ambassador was recalled from Peru
Noun
1
an act or instance of officially recalling someone or something.
a recall of Parliament
2
the action or faculty of remembering something learned or experienced.
he has amazing recall
express
Verb
1
convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct.
he expressed complete satisfaction
Adjective
1
operating at high speed.
express elevators take you directly to the eighth floor
Adverb
1
by express train or delivery service.
I got my wife to send my gloves express to the hotel
Noun
1
an express train or other vehicle of public transportation.
we embarked for the south of France on an overnight express
illustrate
Verb
1
provide (a book, newspaper, etc.) with pictures.
the guide is illustrated with full-color photographs
mean
Verb
3
have as a consequence or result.
the proposals are likely to mean another hundred closures
Adjective
1
unkind, spiteful, or unfair.
it was very mean of me
2
(especially of a place) poor in quality and appearance; shabby.
her home was mean and small
5
equally far from two extremes.
hope is the mean virtue between despair and presumption
Noun
2
a condition, quality, or course of action equally removed from two opposite (usually unsatisfactory) extremes.
the mean between two extremes
indicate
Verb
1
point out; show.
dotted lines indicate the text’s margins
2
suggest as a desirable or necessary course of action.
the treatment is likely to be indicated in severely depressed patients
intend
Verb
1
have (a course of action) as one’s purpose or objective; plan.
the company intends to cut about 4,500 jobs
2
design or destine (someone or something) for a particular purpose or end.
this one-roomed cottage was intended to accommodate a family
قصد داشتن - خواستن
signify
Verb
1
be an indication of.
this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities
stutter
Verb
1
talk with continued involuntary repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants.
the child was stuttering in fright
Noun
1
a tendency to stutter while speaking.
“She’s p-perfectly j-justified,” he said with his intermittent stutter
meaning
Noun
1
what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action.
the meaning of the word “supermarket”
Adjective
1
intended to communicate something that is not directly expressed.
she gave Gabriel a meaning look
conjecture
Noun
1
an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information.
conjectures about the newcomer were many and varied
Verb
1
form an opinion or supposition about (something) on the basis of incomplete information.
many conjectured that the jury could not agree
connotation
Noun
1
an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
the word “discipline” has unhappy connotations of punishment and repression
significance
Noun
1
the quality of being worthy of attention; importance.
adolescent education was felt to be a social issue of some significance
2
the meaning to be found in words or events.
the significance of what was happening was clearer to me than to her
sense
Noun
1
a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the faculties of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.
the bear has a keen sense of smell that enables it to hunt at dusk
2
a feeling that something is the case.
she had the sense of being a political outsider
3
a sane and realistic attitude to situations and problems.
he earned respect by the good sense he showed at meetings
4
a way in which an expression or a situation can be interpreted; a meaning.
it is not clear which sense of the word “characters” is intended in this passage
Verb
1
perceive by a sense or senses.
with the first frost, they could sense a change in the days
2
(of a machine or similar device) detect.
an optical fiber senses a current flowing in a conductor
demonstrate
Verb
1
give a practical exhibition and explanation of (how a machine, skill, or craft works or is performed).
computerized design methods will be demonstrated
2
clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence.
their shameful silence demonstrates their ineptitude
imply
Verb
1
strongly suggest the truth or existence of (something not expressly stated).
the salesmen who uses jargon to imply his superior knowledge
دلالت
intimate
Adjective
1
closely acquainted; familiar, close.
intimate friends
Noun
1
a very close friend.
his circle of intimates
Verb
1
imply or hint.
he had already intimated that he might not be able to continue
صمیمی
gesture
Noun
1
a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.
Alex made a gesture of apology
Verb
1
make a gesture.
she gestured meaningfully with the pistol
recount
Verb
1
tell someone about something; give an account of an event or experience.
I recounted the tale to Steve
2
count again.
the children arrange and rearrange the objects in a set and recount them each time
Noun
1
an act or instance of giving an account of an event or experience.
one woman’s recount of a prolonged battle with “huge centipedes.”
2
an act of counting something again, especially votes in an election.
appreciate
Verb
1
recognize the full worth of.
she feels that he does not appreciate her
2
understand (a situation) fully; recognize the full implications of.
they failed to appreciate the pressure he was under
3
rise in value or price.
they expected the house to appreciate in value
comperhend
Verb
1
grasp mentally; understand.
he couldn’t comprehend her reasons for marrying Lovat
2
FORMAL
include, comprise, or encompass.
a divine order comprehending all men
contradict
Verb
1
deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite.
the survey appears to contradict the industry’s claims
follow
Verb
1
go or come after (a person or thing proceeding ahead); move or travel behind.
she went back into the house, and Ben followed her
2
come after in time or order.
the six years that followed his restoration
3
act according to (an instruction or precept).
he has difficulty in following written instructions
4
pay close attention to (something).
I’ve been following this discussion closely
follow
Verb
1
go or come after (a person or thing proceeding ahead); move or travel behind.
she went back into the house, and Ben followed her
2
come after in time or order.
the six years that followed his restoration
3
act according to (an instruction or precept).
he has difficulty in following written instructions
4
pay close attention to (something).
I’ve been following this discussion closely
dialect
Noun
1
a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
this novel is written in the dialect of Trinidad
catch
Verb
1
intercept and hold (something which has been thrown, propelled, or dropped).
she threw the bottle into the air and caught it again
2
capture (a person or animal that tries or would try to escape).
we hadn’t caught a single rabbit
3
(of an object) accidentally become entangled or trapped in something.
the charm bracelet always caught on her clothing
4
reach in time and board (a train, bus, or aircraft).
they caught the 12:15 from Chicago
5
engage (a person’s interest or imagination).
it was the business scheme that had caught his imagination
6
strike (someone) on a part of the body.
Ben caught him on the chin with an uppercut
7
contract (an illness) through infection or contagion.
he served in Macedonia, where he caught malaria
8
become ignited, due to contact with flame, and start burning.
the rafters have caught
1
an act of catching something, typically a ball.
2
a device for securing something such as a door, window, or box.
the window catch was rusty
3
a hidden problem or disadvantage in an apparently ideal situation.
there’s a catch in it somewhere
4
an unevenness in a person’s voice caused by emotion.
there was a catch in Anne’s voice
signer
noun
1 a person who signs a document: he was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
2 a person who uses sign language: his wife was a very fluent signer and his children could sign with him as well.
rather
Adverb
1
used to indicate one’s preference in a particular matter.
would you like some wine or would you rather stick to sherry?
2
to a certain or significant extent or degree.
she’s been behaving rather strangely
3
used to precede an idea that is different or opposite to a previous statement.
There is no shortage of basic skills in the workplace. Rather, the problem is poor management
arise
Verb
1
(of a problem, opportunity, or situation) emerge; become apparent.
new difficulties had arisen
2 FORMAL LITERARY get or stand up. he arose at 9:30 and went out for a walk
work out
: to devise, arrange, or achieve by resolving difficulties
after many years of wrangling, worked out a definite agreement
— A. A. Butkus
: DEVELOP
the final situation is not worked out with psychological profundity
— Leslie Rees
roll
Verb
1
move or cause to move in a particular direction by turning over and over on an axis.
the car rolled down into a ditch
2
(of a vehicle) move or run on wheels.
the van was rolling along the highway
rolling
Adjective
1
moving by turning over and over on an axis.
a rolling ball
2
(of land) extending in gentle undulations.
the rolling countryside
3
done or happening in a steady and continuous way.
a rolling program of reforms
falling
Adjective
1
moving from a higher to a lower level, typically rapidly and without control.
she was injured by a falling tree
2
decreasing in number, amount, intensity, or quality.
falling attendance figures
idle
Adjective
1
(of a person) avoiding work; lazy.
idle students
2
without purpose or effect; pointless.
he did not want to waste valuable time in idle chatter
Verb
1
spend time doing nothing.
four men were idling outside the shop
2
(of an engine) run slowly while disconnected from a load or out of gear.
the car is noisily idling in the street
idle
Adjective
1
(of a person) avoiding work; lazy.
idle students
2
without purpose or effect; pointless.
he did not want to waste valuable time in idle chatter
Verb
1
spend time doing nothing.
four men were idling outside the shop
2
(of an engine) run slowly while disconnected from a load or out of gear.
the car is noisily idling in the street
chit-chat
INFORMAL Noun 1 inconsequential conversation. it was a leisurely dinner with much chit-chat and laughter
Verb
1
talk about trivial matters.
I can’t stand around chitchatting
wander
Verb
1
walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless way.
he wandered aimlessly through the narrow streets
Noun
1
an act or instance of wandering.
she’d go on wanders like that in her nightgown
defect
Noun
1
a shortcoming, imperfection, or lack.
genetic defects
Verb
1
abandon one’s country or cause in favor of an opposing one.
he defected to the Soviet Union after the war
silly
Adjective
1
having or showing a lack of common sense or judgment; absurd and foolish.
another of his silly jokes
homo
Combining form 1 same. homogametic 2 relating to homosexual love. homoerotic Noun 1 the genus of primates of which modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) are the present-day representatives.
colonize
Verb
1
(of a country or its citizens) send a group of settlers to (a place) and establish political control over it.
the Greeks colonized Sicily and southern Italy
crossing
Noun
1
a place where two roads, two railroad lines, or a road and a railroad line cross.
a stream of cars was waiting for the railroad crossing barriers to be opened
2
a place at which one may safely cross something, especially a street.
we were thirty yards from the crossing when a man stepped off the pavement
3
the action of moving across or over something.
the crossing of the Pyrenees
cross
Noun
1
a mark, object, or figure formed by two short intersecting lines or pieces (+ or ×).
cut a cross in the bark with a sharp knife
Verb
1
go or extend across or to the other side of (a path, road, stretch of water, or area).
he has crossed the Atlantic twice
Combining form
1
denoting movement or position across something.
cross-channel
grunt
Verb
1
(of an animal, especially a pig) make a low, short guttural sound.
an enormous pig grunted and shuffled in a sty outside
Noun
1
a low, short guttural sound made by an animal or a person.
with snorts and grunts the animals were coaxed down the ramp
argue
Verb
1
give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory, typically with the aim of persuading others to share one’s view.
“It stands to reason,” she argued
2
exchange or express diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way.
I wasn’t going to argue with a gun
faculty
Noun
1
an inherent mental or physical power.
her critical faculties
2
a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge.
the Faculty of Arts and Sciences
start off
1 : to start or cause (something) to start in a specified way
symbol
Noun
1
a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process, e.g. the letter or letters standing for a chemical element or a character in musical notation.
the symbol r in Figure 5 represents a gene which is ineffective
Synonyms:
sign character mark letter hieroglyph ideogram
2
a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.
the limousine was another symbol of his wealth and authority
motor
Noun
1
a machine, especially one powered by electricity or internal combustion, that supplies motive power for a vehicle or for some other device with moving parts.
Adjective
1
giving, imparting, or producing motion or action.
demand is the principle motor force governing economic activity
Verb
1
travel in a motor vehicle, typically a car or a boat.
we motored along a narrow road
precursor
Noun
1
a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind; a forerunner.
a three-stringed precursor of the violin
burial
Noun
1
the action or practice of interring a dead body.
his remains were shipped home for burial
hearth
Noun
1
the floor of a fireplace.
the crackling blaze on the hearth
chat
Verb
1
talk in a friendly and informal way.
she chatted to her mother on the phone every day
Noun
1
an informal conversation.
he dropped in for a chat
