Unit 5.2 Flashcards
Goals of Animal Production
food production (safe, healthy, nutritious)
maximize efficiency
minimize impact to environment
provide adequate return on investment to producers
Factors determining Animal and Financial performance
thermal environment physical environment (space) animal potential (genetics) health status economical conditions carcass grading system feed
What is Nutrition ?
the process whereby an organism assimilates food and uses it for specific physiological purposes, including:
- maintenance of body tissues and processes
a. heartbeat, tissue turnover, thermoregulation, immune defence - growth (meat/tissue)
- reproduction (eggs, fetal growth )
- lactation (milk )
what is food?
feed is material that, after ingestion, is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized by an animal to allow to meet the maintenance and productive demands we place on them
Nutrients
animals require
- a source of energy (fat, carbs, protein)
- a source of nitrogen in form of essential and non-essential Amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine)
- fat in form of essential fatty acid (linoleum acid)
- essentail minerals elementer (calcium, phosphorus, zinc)
- fat and water soluble vitamins (vitamin d E, K, Bs )
overall need ~40 nutrients
Factors affecting nutrients requirements
requirements depend on:
- age
- level of production
- gender
- composition of the animal products
- type of production
- concentration of nutrients and ratios in the diet
- available feedstuffs/nutrients source and other factors
- environmental conditions
- health status
Feed ingredients
source of nutrient, anti-nutrients, and metabolically active compounds (toxins, functional, peptides, hormones, etc)
are not required by the animal
feeding value: ability to support production of high value animal products (meat, milk, eggs)
relate feeding value to cost in feed formulation systems
ingredients in pig and poultry diets
60-80%: energy sources: corn, barely, wheat, wheat shorts, etc.
15-35%: protein (amino acids) sources: soybean meal, canola meal, meat meal, etc.
1-3%: sources of macro minerals: salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate
0.5% microminerals and vitamins
++ additives and special ingredients: crystalline amino acids, medication, acidifiers, enzymes, probiotics, etc.
Anatomy of Digestive Tract
utilization of nutrients in feed ingredients requires ingestion, digestions, and absorption
digestion capacity sets limits to animal performance and feed ingredient usage
digestive tract serves as barrier against disease and unwanted compounds
Implications of Hindgut Fermentation on nutrition
protein/ amino acids that are diegested in the hindgut are really fermented and not available for utilization by the pig or poultry - negative impact on gut health
the efficiency of utilizing energy (SCFA) from nutrients that are digested in the handout is lower than in the upper gut - many of the substrates that are fermented cannot be digested enzymatically
Function of GI Microbiota
influence on the immune system
- immune development
- germ free animals are a thing
influence on behaviour
- interaction with enteric nervous system,
- depression, anxiety, autism
influence on disease
- acute illness
- chronic disease
influence on metabolism
- nutrients
- obesity
- appetite
the gut of an animal
> 20 hormones > 400 species of microbes - digestion and absorption of nutrients - largest immune organ "barrier function" -metabolically active
dual (and opposing) roles of the gut
immunity and barrier function
- mucus secretion
- epithelial cell renewal : proliferation and apoptosis
- antimicrobial peptides: IgA secretion
digestion and Absorption
- digestive enzymes
- nutrient transporters
Peculiar nutrients utilization
in chickens, gut metabolism
- 20-36% of the whole body energy expenditure
in pigs, visceral organs: 15-20% of body mass
- 50% of whole body energy expenditure
- about 50% of whole body protein synthesis
- nuisance at slaughter, little commercial value
Germ free animal
low maintenance requirements, efficient fat digestion and absorption, reduce protein fermentation in the gut
