Unit 5: Week 8

Question 1

1. What is the top-down approach to planning an intervention
2. What are the limitations to the top-down approach
3. Is HP a top-down or bottom-up approach?

Answer 1

1. the highest ranking person can help to facilitate and lead the program’s success. generally these people have the proper resources (time, money, social status) to begin the project and set it up for success. Also these people are highest in the social hierarchy, so people will take the program more seriously, the public will more likely get involved etc.
2. Limitations = the idea may be seen as being forced upon the population of interest rather than the population being given the opportunity to plan an intervention surrounding their own needs themselves. Although the top-down approach is a great START to the planning process to get it going, it is important that the needs of the population are taken into consideration and not just assumed by the person at the top of the hierarchy.
3. HP uses a bottom-up approach

Question 2

1. T/F: although it is a great idea if the HP program started at the top, this is rare
2. the HP idea needs to be _____ by creating an effective ________ for the program’s existence

Answer 2

1. T
2. sold, rationale

Question 3

What are rationales? How does it apply to HP?

Answer 3

a set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or a particular belief. Giving a reason for an action/choice made. So in HP, when creating an intervention, it is essential to have a rationale to encourage buy-in from higher up, to set goals and objectives of the program, to give the target population insight into the mission, to provide a framework as to why you are so invested into the intervention in the first place

Question 4

rationales are established based on _________

Answer 4

organization

Question 5

What does the text describe as the 1st step of creating a rationale? What should be done BEFORE this however?

Answer 5

text describes = using the first 2 steps of the precede-proceed model–> N/A and epidemiological assessment of the target population
But we should first establish our level of commitment and gain support for the program’s goal/objective.

Question 6

why is it important to gain support as the first step for establishing a program’s rationale? How can we gain support from the highest level in 3 ways?

Answer 6

support is important because it establishes the level of commitment to the program and its goals. If we have little support, then people are less likely to invest their resources (time, money, expertise) into the success of the program
we can gain support in 3 ways:
1. find out what people at the highest level want (mini N/A) and then address their desires
2. Don’t assume their desires and make rationale evidence based.
3. understand that the stakeholder’s goals are often associated with protecting HR.

Question 7

Answer based on protection of HR and costs of an organization:
1. What is the biggest HR protection centred on?
2. What is a risk factor in HP programs?
3. It is important that HP programs establish a _____- ________ ratio
4. Covid-19 has provided a clear link between the health of the _________ and the health of the ___________/__________ and how each of these factors affect one another.

Answer 7

1. health of employees
2. cutting costs
3. cost-benefit
4. economy, individual/population

Question 8

1. T/F: HP programs almost never cut costs for a company or organization
2. T/F: for tax payers (ex: us as Canadians), HP programs will always cut costs

Answer 8

1. F. they almost always do
2. F. they may or may not it depends

Question 9

1. when we identify the values and benefits associated with HP programs, this is important for determining the extent to which the program will be _______
2. the values that we decide to focus on should match the values of the ___________. this (is/is not) ideal, but the ________

Answer 9

1. embraced
2. stakeholders, is not, reality

Question 10

what are the 3 groups affected by the benefits of HP programs? describe each group

Answer 10

1. community = improved overall health status, quality of life, economic benefits, model for other communities
2. individual/employee = improved health, lower health risks, improved self-esteem/self-image, job satisfaction
3. employer = improved worker retention and productivity, enhanced corporate image, reduced absences, reduced health care costs

Question 11

identify which group each value/benefit falls under (community, individual/employee, employer):

1. improved quality of life
2. improved health as the norm
3. improved self-esteem
4. enhanced worker morale (attitude)
5. reduction in health risks
6. reduced health care costs
7. economic wellbeing
8. model for other communities

Answer 11

1. community
2. community
3. individual
4. employer
5. individual
6. employer
7. community
8. community

Question 12

what are the 4 steps to creating a rationale as demonstrated in the textbook (list them only). What is the pre-step that should be done before completing these 4 steps?

Answer 12

1. conduct a N/A or S/A
2. gather epidemiological data
3. find information from other successful programs
4. plan how the program fits into the bigger picture

the pre-step however, is to gain support from higher up

Question 13

what is the 1st step of creating a rationale? explain

Answer 13

do a N/A or S/A. Get needs from potential participants in the program outside of the stakeholder’s needs as well

Question 14

what is the 2nd step of creating a rationale? explain

Answer 14

to gather epidemiological data. use facts about the prevalence, incidence and distribution of diseases within the target population. Consider the implications of the data on long term health

Question 15

1. smoking is responsible for over ________ deaths in Canada meaning that ___% of deaths are preventable
2. ___% of Canadians find most days to be stressful

Answer 15

1. 45000, 18%
2. 23%

Question 16

what is the 3rd step of creating a rationale? explain

Answer 16

to gather data from other successful HP programs that are generalizable to your setting. Talk with other planners, get reports on success stories. However, be careful with word of mouth feedback it’s better to go to the source since bias could exist

Question 17

T/F: word of mouth during the 3rd step of creating a rationale is the best way to hear about the success of other programs

Answer 17

F. This can involve bias. It’s better to use evidence based reports and research on your program instead of through word of mouth. This introduces the possibility of impeding the process of the program

Question 18

what is the 4th step of creating a rationale. Explain

Answer 18

See how the program fits into the bigger plan. If there is a goal for a province or country (ex: to incidence rates of covid-19 by 2022), how can your program meet this goal. Think about how the program can matter on a small and big scale and how individuals and populations as a whole are affected.

Question 19

1. When creating your rationale, you should always argue (against/for) your program in order to cover as many bases as possible
2. When arguing (against/for) your program, the argument should happen only to ________ NOT in the actual ________
3. selling the rationale can lead to the establishment of the ________ committee

Answer 19

1. against
2. against, yourself, rationale
3. planning

Question 20

1. T/F: the size of the planning committee does not matter
2. The planning committee should include representatives from the _______ and _________ to facilitate ownership and buy-in
3. planning committee must be large enough to ___________ and small enough to ___________

Answer 20

1. F. it does matter and depends on the group being served
2. target population, higher-ups
3. get work done, make decisions

Question 21

Draw the diagram of what makes a solid planning committee

Answer 21

representatives from target population + higher-ups (doers, influencers) + representatives from sponsorship agencies + other stakeholders + good leadership = solid committee

Question 22

what is the step after establishing a planning committee? explain

Answer 22

conducting a detailed N/A. identify specific problems, needs and aspirations of the target pop, gaps between what is the current situation and what should be done.

Question 23

1. what are the 2 types of needs? explain
2. what type of need is more suitable in HP?

Answer 23

1. service needs = health professional approach; what health professionals believe should take place to resolve health problems (problems and solutions that are deemed suitable by the health professionals)
2. service demands = things that the actual target population itself identifies to be their needs. (problems and solutions deemed suitable by the people)

Question 24

1. the method used to get N/A info should match the ______ of the program
2. __________ and _______ data can be used to gather N/A info

Answer 24

1. purpose
2. primary and secondary data

Question 25

1. what is primary data? What are benefits and drawbacks
2. what is secondary data? What are benefits and drawbacks

Answer 25

1. info collected directly from the target pop (individuals or groups)
   benefits = certain to answers planner questions, provides data specific to the target population
   drawbacks = expensive, time consuming
2. info collected from resources already readily available
   benefits = less expensive and less time consuming
   drawbacks = may not identify true needs of the target pop

Question 26

what are the 2 methods of collecting primary data? explain how information can be collected

Answer 26

1. individuals = single/multi step surveys
2. groups = community meetings, focus groups, observation, group self-assessments