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HS 2250 Midterm 2 > Unit 4: Week 7 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the precede-proceed model?

A

it is an 8 step framework for planning, implementing and evaluating HP programs

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2
Q

The precede-proceed model allows for thinking first __________ then _________

A

inductively then deductively

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3
Q

what does “thinking inductively then deductively” mean? Give an example

A

starting with the desired ends and working back to the original causes. Making an inference based on an observable thing (ex: the person has heart disease) and then making an inference based on a widely known fact (ex: the person has heart disease because it runs in their family)

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4
Q

working through the precede-proceed model is like working through a _________

A

mystery

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5
Q

what are the phases of the precede-proceed model?

A
  1. social assessment and situational analysis
  2. epidemiological assessment
  3. educational and ecological assessment
  4. administrative and policy assessment/intervention alignment
  5. implementation and evaluation
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6
Q

what is phase 1 of the precede proceed model? Explain it.

A

the first stage is called social assessment and situational analysis.
- looks at quality of life in the target population (hopes and concerns) through a self study of their own needs
- acquire subjectively defined problems and priorities among target population
- analyze the social problems of the community
- some indicators are: absenteeism (being absent from work), aesthetics, crime, unemployment and self esteem

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7
Q

social problems of the community are an (accurate/inaccurate) __________ of the community’s __________ of life.

A

accurate, barometer, quality

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8
Q

why in the first stage would you want to do a self study for a needs assessment among the target population?

A

we want people to buy into the program. this is possible when we can gather many subjective priorities from the people themselves to get an accurate parameter for the program

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9
Q

which of the following is NOT a mentioned indicator from doing a social assessment/situational analysis?
a) absenteeism
b) self-esteem
c) crime rate
d) environment/aesthetics
e) economic stability

A

e)

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10
Q

what is phase 2 of the precede proceed model? Explain it.

A

phase 2 is epidemiological assessment
- essential for program planning because we are matching/linking the problems identified from the N/A collected in phase 1 with epidemiology (studies the population’s incidence, distribution, prevalence and control of a specific disease)
- data includes vital indicators and genetic, behavioural and environmental factors
- if there are gaps, we need to go back and do health education instead of moving forward with the program
- epidemiology of a population is affected by: environmental, behaviour and genetic indicators
- rank the risk factors by importance and changeability in a matrix

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11
Q

what are vital indicators and some examples?
what are dimensions of vital indicators?

A

vital indicators are important indicators of one’s health status. ex: morbidity, fertility, mortality
dimensions of vital indicators are the strength of the problem and their needs

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12
Q

what is ID specific health?

A

related behaviour, environmental and genetic factors of a specific person that could be linked to health problems

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13
Q

what are environmental factors? Can they be modified

A

these are factors outside of the person. Yes they can be modified

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14
Q

Give examples of an indicator and dimension for the following:
1. environmental
2. behavioural
3. genetics

A
  1. = counselling services (indicator), accessibility (dimension)
  2. = compliance (indicator), frequency of behaviour (dimension)
  3. = genetic predisposition of breast cancer (indicator), poor diet (dimension)
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15
Q

explain each quadrant in the matrix for phase 2 of the PP model

A

The matrix shows risk factors and groups them into most importance and how easy it is to change with a program/intervention.
quadrant 1: more important, more changeable = high priority risk factor

quadrant 2: more important, less changeable = important but hard to change

quad 3: less important more changeable = not that important, except to demonstrate change for political purpose

quad 4: less important and less changeable = no program

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16
Q

what is phase 3 of the PP model? Explain it

A

phase 3 is called educational/ecological assessment. This talks about the importance of education and the environment, as well as internal and external factors allowing/hindering behaviour change. There are 3 groupings:
1. predisposed
2. enabling
3. reinforcing

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17
Q
  1. explain the 3 groupings of phase 3 of the PP model
  2. The 3 groupings help to _____________ for intervention
A
  1. predisposing = one’s beliefs, perceptions, morals, values on a behaviour can facilitate or hinder behaviour change
  2. enabling = environmental, skills, resources that hinder or facilitate change. What a person has access to can help them change
  3. reinforcing = family, peers can give rewards or reinforce behaviour to either encourage or discourage it.
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18
Q
  1. what is the 4th phase of the PP model? explain it
  2. what ENDS at this stage?
A

the 4th phase is the administrative/policy assessment and intervention alignment
intervention alignment = using previous phases to identify what types of interventions or programs would be appropriate for addressing the main problem
administrative assessment = looking at our resources to see if our intervention is attainable

  1. The PRECEDE part ends at this phase
19
Q

what are the 5-8 phases of the PP model? Why are they misleading?

A
  1. implementation
  2. process
  3. impact
  4. outcome evaluation
    they are misleading because evaluation is done in every stage and not just in the final one. Also, these stages are continuous throughout the whole model, so we don’t have to define them as separate parts
20
Q

what does Precede and proceed mean?

A

precede = before the intervention –> planning process
proceed= taking action –> implementing process

21
Q

the PP model is an ______ of the professional disciplines that involve __________ and _______ _________

T/F: to use the PP model effectively, it requires people working from all disciplines

A

outgrowth, epidemiology, health administration

T.

22
Q
  1. T/F: it is possible for a theory or model to be perfect
  2. T/F: health behaviours, problems, populations, cultures and context are very narrow focused

3._____ of _______ must be considered when we are identifying individuals versus groups

A
  1. F. Theories and models are never perfect
  2. F. these are broad and variable
  3. unit of change
23
Q

what is the SRT?

A

SRT is a combination theory composed of both classical and operant conditioning. It involves using stimulus and reinforcement to initiate behaviour change and response

24
Q

which part of SRT represents CC versus OC?

A

CC = physiological drives associated with responding to a stimulus and having a reflexive behaviour

OC = introducing a reinforcer to encourage a behaviour or a punisher to discourage a behaviour and introduce consequences

25
Q

SR theorists believe that learning is from events which reinduce _______ ______ that ________ behaviour

A

physical drives that activate behaviour

26
Q
  1. When a behaviour is reinforced, it is most likely to be _________.
  2. T/F: reinforcers can only be positive
A
  1. repeated
  2. F. they can be positive and negative
27
Q

1.when a behaviour is punished, this ________ the strength of the behaviour
2. T/F: punishments can only be negative
3. T/F: introducing a punishment ensures the behaviour will stop forever

A
  1. decreases
  2. F. punishments can be both positive and negative
  3. F. the unwanted behaviour can come back, so the effects are temporary
28
Q

Consequences must be _________ and _________

A

immediate and frequent

29
Q

what is SCT? give an example

A

consequence + belief in consequence = behaviour. Ex: allowance walking the dog

30
Q

the SCT was formerly known as the ______

A

social learning theory

31
Q

What does SCT involve?
a) responsibility and persuasion
b) reinforcement and punishment
c) expectancy and incentives
d) practice and evaluation

A

c) expectancy and incentives

32
Q

what are incentives?

A

reactions from the external world regarding our behaviour or behaviour change. motivation to make someone change

33
Q
  1. T/F: SCT is considered to be the least complete theory in HP
  2. SCT addresses both underlying _________ of health behaviour and methods of promoting _______
  3. SCT is built on the understanding of the interaction between ________ and their __________
  4. what is SCT NOT considered?
    a) dynamic
    b) subtle
    c) complex
    d) persuasive
A
  1. F
  2. determinants, change
  3. people and environment
  4. d)
34
Q

which theory is based on the interaction between people and their environment?

A

SCT

35
Q

what are the 4 constructs of SCT? (BEES) and explain each

A
  1. behavioural capacity
  2. expectations
  3. expectancies
  4. self efficacy
36
Q
  1. what are the 5 ways to increase self efficacy?
  2. self-efficacy is your perceived __________
  3. T/F: self efficacy is not situation specific
A
  1. task mastery, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, imagery, emotional arousal
  2. competence
  3. F. it is situation specific
37
Q
  1. self efficacy matters most when goals are ____ to tackle
  2. T/F: self efficacy allows us to excel in some things
  3. How can we develop our self efficacy in 5 ways?
A
  1. tough
  2. F. allows us to excel in all things
  3. pull from the past
    see how others are successful
    feedback from family and friends
    imagine completing a task
    learn how to read our emotions and bodies
38
Q

reinforcement is essential in _______- _________

A

self control/regulation

39
Q

what are the 3 types of reinforcement?

A
  1. direct = parents saying they are proud of you when you do well on a test
  2. vicarious = a child learns that doing well on a test will allow them to receive praise because they saw their sibling get it
  3. self/management or regulation = our own reinforcement to ourselves by monitoring our behaviour, determinants and effects.
40
Q

what is reciprocal determinism?

A

interactions among the person, behaviour and environment
how the person shapes the environment and how the environment shapes the person

41
Q

_________ + _________ + ___________ = are all determinants of one another in explaining behaviour change

A

cognition + environment + behaviour

42
Q

who is the founder of reciprocal determinism?

A

Bandura

43
Q

what was Bandura’s main theory?

A

learning occurs by watching others

44
Q

give an example of the cognition, environment and behaviour cycle

A

sally has an interest in soccer (cognition) –> she decides to join the soccer team (environment) —-> she spends a lot of time with the soccer team (behaviour) —> cycle repeats

HS 2250 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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