Unit 5 Vocabulary Flashcards
The variety and variability of plants animals, and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food or agriculture.
Agricultural biodiversity
A landscape resulting from the interactions of farming activities and the natural environment.
Agricultural landscape
An ecosystem modified for agricultural use.
Agriecosystem
Layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and release a usable amount of water.
Aquifer
The variety of organisms living in a location.
Biodiversity
The science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests.
Biotechnology
Reliable access to safe and nutritious foods that can support a healthy and active lifestyle.
Food security
A farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment.
Precision agriculture
An artificial lake used to store water.
Reservoir
The process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water.
Salinization
the shifting population away from cities into suburbs
Suburbanization
The process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into smaller, growing plots.
Terracing
An agreement between a bank and a peripheral country in which debt is forgiven in exchange for local investment in conservation measures.
Debt-for-nature swap
Loss of forest lands.
Deforestation
A form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates into a desert-like condition.
Desertification
A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increase in production
Economy of scale
Areas where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious food because the stores selling them are too far away
Food Desert
The disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food
Food insecurity
The large-scale system that includes the production, management, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment
Agribusiness
A network of people, info, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product
Commodity-chain
An economy having two different levels of technology and patterns of demand
Dual agricultural economy
A movement that tries to provide farmers in peripheral areas with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions
Fair trade
A form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses.
Farm subsidy
A network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to handle, produce, and distribute goods around the world.
Global supply chain
The product created by breeding two different varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics.
Hybrid
The purposeful cultivation of plants or animals to produce goods for survival.
Agriculture
An area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals.
Agricultural hearth
A theory that describes the relationship between land value, commercial location, and transportation, primarily in urban areas, using the bid-rent gradient or scope; used to describe how land costs are determined.
Bid-rent theory
The central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts these services.
Central Businesses District (CBD)
An area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior.
Climate region
A rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement.
Clustered settlement
An agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for purchase.
Commercial agriculture
The exchange of ideas and goods between the America’s, Europe, and Africa that began when Christopher Colombus landed in the Americas.
Columbian Exchange
A plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through genetic manipulation
GMO
A movement beginning in the 1950s ad 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new, high-yield strains of grain crops.
Green revolution
An agricultural practice in which farms expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land.
Intensive agriculture
A rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route
Linear settlement
A type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area.
Market gardening
The varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil.
Crop rotation
A rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from each other, and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area.
Dispersed settlement
The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics.
Domestication
A system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals and the use of land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented from them.
Enclosure system
An agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and investment in labor that reesults in low ouputs.
Extensive Agriculture
The shift from foraging to farming about 11,000 years ago that marked the beginning of agriculture.
first agricultural revolution
Small nomadic groups which had primarily plant-based diets and ate small fish for protein.
Foragers
An agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats.
Mediterranean agriculture
A type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit.
Mixed-crop-and-livestock systems
The cultivation of one or two crops that are seasonally rotated.
Monocropping
A type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing.
Nomadic herding
A way of life for people who do not continually live in the same place but more cynically or periodically.
Pastoral nomadism
A type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation
Plantation agriculture
A change in farming practices, marked by new tools and techniques that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries in the early 18th century.
Second agricultural revolution
The agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and repeating the process.
Shifting cultivation
A method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing land.
Slash and burn
An agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one’s family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for crops and resources.
Substicence agriculture
A shift to further mechanization in agriculture, through the development of new technology ad advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to present day.
Third agricultural revolution
The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter.
Transhumance
The many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly
Infrastructure
The combining of a company’s ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods.
Vertical integration
A model that suggests that the perishability of a product and transport osts to the market of each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity.
Von Thunen model
