Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards
John Locke
Locke’s believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. He advanced governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some some circumstances.
Baron Montesquieu
Believed the main purpose of government is to maintain law order, political, liberty, and property of the individual. He favored the English government system separation of power.
Jean J. Rousseau
Re conceived the social contract. Social contract was that the people would give up some rights to be protected by the government.
Voltaire
Tolerance of church and state. He believed that government must protect basic rights such as freedom of speech and religion. He believed that no religion or religious group should be favored by government.
Adam Smith
Saw laissez-faire as a moral program and the market its instrument to ensure men the right of natural law. He wanted governments hands off of the market.
Robert Owen
He established intentional communities-small societies governed by the principles of Utopian socialism. He tried to improve factory working conditions and promote experimental socialistic communities.
Simon Bolivar
A creole who continued to push for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America. His forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called Gran Columbia. He believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery.
James Watt
The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories.
Eli Whitney
In 1789 Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S military. If a part of a machine broke, it could be replaced by an identical part. This led to the division of labor.
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell “invented” and patented the telephone. This allowed for sound to be transmitted by electrical means. Through the use of the Telephone, people could have equally meaningful conversation at a distance.
Gugliemo Marconi
Developed the Radio. He was a Italian physicist. In 1901, he was able to send and receive a radio signal across the Atlantic ocean. The radio became a form of popular mass media.
Karl Marx
A German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. Unlike Utopian socialist he wanted to escape problems rather than confront them. Published the communist Manifesto.
Frederick Engels
In 1848 Engels and Marx published the Communist Manifesto that summarized their critique of capitalism. He introduced the concept of socialism as a natural result of the conflicts inherent in the capitalist system.
Mahmed ll
Sultan Mahmud ll reformed the Ottoman system. He abolished the Janissaries and developed a new artillery unit. His reform includes building roads and setting up a postal service. He created European-style ministries.
Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.
Socialism
A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.
Communism
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Communist Manifesto
Summarized Marx’s and Engels critique of capitalism. It stated that capitalism was divided into two classes: The Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie. It formed the basis for the modern communist movement as we know it, arguing that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced by socialism and ultimately communism.
Declaration of Independence
Contains the ideals or goals of our nation, Contains the complaints of the colonist against the British King. It contains the arguments the colonists used to explain why they wanted to be free of British rule.
Declaration of Rights of Man
A statement declaring basic human rights. A document of the French Revolution that granted civil rights to some commoners, although it excluded a significant segment of the French population.
Enlightenment
Produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French revolution were inspired by Enlightenment ideals. Emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.
Laissez-Faire
French phrase for “leave alone”. Governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions. They didn’t want governments hands in the market, hands off.
Nationalism
A feeling of intense loyalty to other who share ones language and culture. The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened to destroy all of Europe’s multi-ethnic empires.
Liberalism
A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, Laissez-Faire economics, and reduced sending on armies and established churches.
Conservatism
A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility.
Empiricism
The theory that all knowledge originates in experience, the practice of relying on direct observation of events and experience to determine reality.
Abolitionism
The movement to end slavery. Reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to freedom for enslaved people and the end of serfdom.
Philosophes
A French group of Enlightenment thinkers that applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society; they believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society.
Industrialization
The increased mechanization of production. The transformation of a mainly agrarian society to a mainly mechanized and urban society.
Capital
Money available to invest in business. Capital allows for private entrepreneurs to create new commercial ventures. Capital allowed for the spread of industrialization.
Division of Labor
Interchangeable parts led to the division of labor. Factory owners no longer has to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product.
Specialization of Labor
Each worker could focus on one type of task. One worker might cast a part, and another install the part.
Interchangeable parts
If a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part. It was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology.
Raw Materials
Used to make the finished products made in the factories. A resource like coal that could be used to power machines. Without raw materials, it would be very difficult to produce a lot of products at one time.
Crop Rotation
Rotary different crops in and out of a field each year. Helps manage your soil and fertility, reduce erosion, improve your soil’s health, and increase nutrients available for crops.
Agricultural Revolution
Began in the Middle East. Humans began to plant crops and raise animals for food. People began to produce a surplus of food. This allowed for some to specialize in non-food producing activities.
Industrial Revolution
Set the stage for dramatic changes in international relations, politics, and demography. The industrial revolution reshaped society, increasing populations, shifting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption.
Second Industrial Revolution
Began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and involved chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics. New machines, power sources, and work organization made existing industries more productive and efficient.
Corporations
A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders. Some manufacturers formed giant corporations in order to minimize risk.
Stockholders
Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it’s formed or later through stock market. The most they lost was what they paid for the stock.
Stock Market
A place where shares of public listed companies are traded. Its purpose is to regulate the exchange of stocks, as well as other financial assets.
Monopoly
Complete control over a market. Control of a specific business and elimination of ll competition. It ensures consistent delivery of a product or service that has very high up front cost.
Urbanization
The process of making an area more urban. Industrialization led to urbanization by creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities.
Proletariat
The working class of capitalism. Working in factories and mines, often for little compensation. They did dangerous work and recieve very little, just enough to survive.
Bourgeoisie
Included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories (higher class of society in capitalism) since they owned the means if production they exploited the Proletarial for the higher profits.
Bushido
The code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. In 1871, Japan legally dissolved the samurai’s position. Their Bushido was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government.
