Unit 3 Vocab Flashcards
Peter the Great
Peter l, known as the Defender of Orthodoxy, participating closely in church affairs. Reorganized the Russian government by creating provinces. Officials received salary replacing the “feeding off the land” system. He also created a senate, who advised when he was gone.
Suleiman
Ottoman Empire reached it peak under Suleiman l. His armies overran Hungary. He failed to capture Vienna twice, but the fact that they made it so far into Europe caused fear. They also took control of the islands of Rhode and Tripoli. They experienced a transformation under him.
Kangxi
One of China’s longest-reigning emperors. Resided over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China. He sent forces into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, incorporating these areas into the empire.
Anne Boleyn
Queen of England as the 2nd wife of King Henry Vlll. Henry’s 1st wife couldn’t give him sons so he asked his marriage to be annulled, so he could marry Anne Boleyn. She gave no sons so she was beheaded.
Mehmed ll
(Conqueror) Firmly established the Ottomans capital after his forces besieged Constantinople. They used cannons to attack. He strengthened the navy and conquered territories and helped the Ottomans expand.
Shah Abbas l
Presided over the Safavid Empire at its height. His troops included Christian boys pressed into service. He imported weaponry from Europe and also relied on Europeans to advise his troops.
Martin Luther
A monk in Wittenburg who concluded several traditional church practices violated biblical teachings. He nailed his charges against the church, 95 Theses, to a church door. he created Lutheranism.
Romanov
The Romanov Dynasty took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil following Ivan’s death in 1584. Under their control three main groups had conflicting desires: The Church, They boyars, and Tsar’s Royal Family.
Nurhaci
Manchurian Chieftain, one of the Manchu founders. He is also known for establishing the Eight Banners, a patritineal system of military and administrative organization that allowed rulers to maintain their control over the military.
Atahualpa
He was the Incan ruler/emperor of Peru whose capture and execution by Francisco Pizarro enabled the conquistadors to secure the Inca lands for the Spanish crown
Henry Vlll
King of England. He wanted a son to pass the throne onto. He wanted to divorce Catherine over a daughter, Pope said no. he left the Catholic Church created the Protestant Anglican Church of England. Becomes the head of Church.
Shah Ismail l
using Shi’a Islam as a unifying force, Shah Ismail built a power base that supported his Rule and denied legitimacy to any Sunni.
Guru Nanak
One of the greatest religious innovators of all time and the founder of the Sikh religion. His family was Hindu but he advanced interest in religion and studied Islam and Hinduism intensively. Poet and Philosopher.
Ivan lV
Ivan the terrible was crowned tsar in 1547, he immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward. This expansion came to rely greatly on the use of gunpowder.
English Bill of Rights
In 1689, England’s rulers William and Mary signed the English Bill of Right, which assured individual civil liberties. It also guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising armies.
Peace of Westphalia
Thirty Years’ war culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
Peace of Augsburg
Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. As a result, churches and inhabitants were forced to practice the state religion.
95 Theses
Martin Luther defiantly challenged the church by nailing his charges, the 95 Theses, to a church door. He advocated for the theological stance of “sola fide,” faith alone, for the basis of salvation for the christian believer.
Edict of Nantes
Allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years. Issued by King Henry lV.
Council of Trent
Corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests.
Samurai
Each daimyo had a samurai who had ambition to conquer more territory and power to rule his fiefdoms as he saw fit. Samurai were paid in ride, later gold, this gave them economic power.
Devshirme
Ottoman sultans used a selection system called devshirme to staff their military and their government. Christian boys (8-20), subjects of the empire, were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman government.
30 years’ war
The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe. It developed into a more general conflict involving European powers. The war resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease.
Boyars
Boyars were the noble landowning class in the Russian Empire. They wanted to gain and hold power. They gave advice to the ruling tsar. They had taxes imposed on them by Peter in order to reduce their influence.
Orthodox
The orthodox church had been the unifying force for the Russian people and tsar, who claimed to rule by divine right. The church was incorporated into the fovernment by Peter.
Anglican Church
Anglicanism was founded by King Henry Vlll. He wanted a church free of control by the pope in Rome. With the approval of the English Parliament, set himself up as head of the new Church of England.
Istanbul
After the Ottomans besieged Constantinople its name was changed to Istanbul. It was a nexus for trade, the city controlled the Bosporus Strait, the only waterway linking the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea.
Divine Right
England’s King James believed in the divine right of kings, a belief that the right to rule was given to a king by God. Under this a king was a political and religious authority.
Versailles
Louis XIV palace was at Versailles. Here nobles were kept close to Louis making it difficult for them to act independently or plot against him.
Simony
Simony was the selling of church offices. This was a traditional church practice that Martin Luther believed violated biblical teachings.
Catholicism
The faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church. Their beliefs were greatly opposed by Martin Luther. They sold indulgences and practiced simony.
Protestant
A member of follower of any of the Western christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.
Jesuits
Opposed the spread of Protestantism. They are a society of Jesus. The Jesuits undertook missionary activity throughout the Spanish Empire as well as Japan and India.
Grand Vizier
In the Ottoman Empire the Grand Vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attest to affairs of the state.
Reformation
The protestant reformation led to many new religions such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. A reformation is the action or process of reforming and institution or practice.
Sunni
Differs from Shi’a in its understanding of the Sunni, its conception of religious leadership, and its acceptance of the first three caliphs. This arose problems between Safavid and Ottomans.
Empiricism
In 1620, Francis Bacon developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.
Protestant Reformation
The basis for founding of Protestantism. The reformation led to reformulation of certain basic tenets of christian beliefs and resulted in the division of western Christendom between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant traditions.
Spanish Armada
In 1588, Philip ll’s Spanish Armada was defeated by English naval power. It is famous because at the time England was a small nation with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the world (Spain).
Sikhism
A monotheistic faith that recognized the rights of other faiths to exist. It developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism.
Shi’a
A belief that just as a prophet is appointed by God alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They Safavid were mainly Shi’a.
Puritans
The Puritans were English protestants who sought to purify the church of England of Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the church should become more Protestant.
