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chemistry > unit 5 test > Flashcards

unit 5 test Flashcards

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1
Q

valence electrons

A

s and p electrons in outer energy level (only valence electrons participate in chemical reactions)

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2
Q

core electrons

A

all the rest electrons in lower energy level (do not participate in chemical reactions)

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3
Q

group 1

A

1 valence electron
1+ charge

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4
Q

group 2-12

A

2 valence electron
2+ charge

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5
Q

group 13

A

3 valence electron
3+ charge

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6
Q

group 14

A

4 valence electron
3- charge
4 bonds

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7
Q

group 15

A

5 valence electrons
3- charge
3 bonds

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8
Q

group 16

A

6 valence electrons
2- charge
2 bonds

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9
Q

group 17

A

7 valence electrons
1- charge
1 bond

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10
Q

group 18

A

8 valence electrons

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11
Q

ions

A

negative and positive atoms transferring valence electrons

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12
Q

ionic bonds

A

metals and nonmetals

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13
Q

1 to 4 valence electrons

A

lose electrons to become cations

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14
Q

5 to 7 valence electrons

A

gain electrons to become anions

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15
Q

formula unit

A

lowest ratio of elements that represent the resulting ionic compound (like empirical)

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16
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons (nonmetals to nonmetals)

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17
Q

molecular formula

A

the exact number of atoms in a molecule (not simplified)

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18
Q

structural formula

A

shows all the details how atoms are connected (most accurate or detailed)

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19
Q

diatomic elements

A

Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F

20
Q

polar

A

unevenly shared (0.4 to 2.0)
attracts electrons to spend more time around the most negative

21
Q

nonpolar

A

evenly shared (0 to 0.4) identical nonmetals are always nonpolar

22
Q

intermolecular forces (IMF)

A

weaker attractive forces between molecules

stick due to polarity
hydrogen is most significant (H to N, H to O, H to F)

23
Q

ionic compound properties

A

high melting points
hard and brittle solid form (crystalline)
conducts electricity

24
Q

covalent compound properties

A

low melting point
soft or brittle solid form (amorphous)
poor conductivity
does not dissociate in water

25
Q

metallic compound properties

A

high melting point
hard yet malleable solid form
conducts electricity

26
Q

VSEPR theory

A

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

electron pairs stay away from each other as much as possible

27
Q

4 electron groups

A

109.5
tetrahedral (nonpolar)
pyramidal (polar)
bent (polar)

28
Q

3 electron groups

A

120
trigonal planar (nonpolar)
bent (polar)

29
Q

2 electron groups

A

180
linear (nonpolar)

30
Q

transition metals

A

can vary charges - charges shown as roman numerals

exceptions are Ag(1+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+)

31
Q

monoatomic anions always end with

A

-ide

32
Q

polyatomic anions can end with

A

-ide, -ate, -ite

33
Q

ionic compound formulas are found using

A

the criss cross rule

find the charge, mulitply by the number of atoms, swap

34
Q

prefixes for elements (1-10)

A

mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca

35
Q

which two elements have different bond needs?

A

boron (6)
hydrogen (2)

36
Q

when are prefixes used?

A

when no metals are present

37
Q

intermolecular forces:
dispersion forces

A

present in every molecule (non/polar)
attraction with two random dipoles
asymmetrical electron distribution
weakest relative strength

38
Q

intermolecular forces:
dipole dipole forces

A

present in polar molecules
attraction with two permanent dipoles
medium relative strength

39
Q

intermolecular forces:
hydrogen bonding

A

present whenever H is bonded with O, N, or F
extremely polar bonds (very strong dipole force)
not chemical bonding

40
Q

hybridization

A

the process in which atomic orbitals are mixed to form new identical orbitals for bonding

41
Q

single bond in hybridization

A

sigma bond (special o)

42
Q

double or triple bond in hybridization

A

pi bond (pi sign)
stronger than single bond

43
Q

4 valence electrons in hybrid

A

sp3 (no p orbitals to make a pi bond)

44
Q

3 valence electrons in hybrid

A

sp2 (1 p orbital to make a pi bond)

45
Q

2 valence electrons in hybrid

A

sp (2 p orbitals to make 2 double or triple bond)

46
Q

isomer

A

molecule with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms in molecule

47
Q

molecule

A

two nonmetals (a covalent bond)

chemistry (5 decks)

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