Unit 5: States of Consciousness Flashcards

Modules: 22 - Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis 23 - Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories 24 - Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams 25 - Psychoactive Drugs

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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2
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

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3
Q

Posthypnotic Suggestion

A

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

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4
Q

Dissociation

A

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

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5
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

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6
Q

REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)

A

Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Known as this because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

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7
Q

Alpha Waves

A

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

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8
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

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9
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence if an external visual stimulus.

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10
Q

Delta Waves

A

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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11
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

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12
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, this causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying out feelings of sleepiness.

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13
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

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14
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

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15
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

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16
Q

Night Terrors

A

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

17
Q

Dream

A

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

18
Q

Manifest Content

A

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

19
Q

Latent Content

A

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

20
Q

REM Rebound

A

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

21
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

22
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

23
Q

Tolerance

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

24
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences.

25
Q

Withdrawal

A

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

26
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

27
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder

A

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

28
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

29
Q

Opiates

A

This and its derivatives depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and activity.

30
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

31
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

32
Q

Nicotine

A

A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

33
Q

Cocaine

A

A powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

34
Q

Methamphetamine

A

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

35
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

36
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

37
Q

LSD

A

A powerful hallucinogenic drug known as acid (or lysergic acid diethylamide).

38
Q

Near-Death Experience

A

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

39
Q

THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.