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Bio Exam 5 > Unit 5 Review > Flashcards

Unit 5 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the molecular shape of DNA in which two strands of nucleotides wind around each other in a spiral shape?

A

Double helix

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2
Q

What is the sequence for the complementary daughter strand based on the following original parent strand TTA TAG CTA

A

AAT ATC GAT

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3
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix in the process of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

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4
Q

DNA is synthesized using_____ replication?

A

Semi-conservative

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5
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase: unwinds the DNA double helix; RNA primase: build a primer of RNA nucleotides; DNA polymerase 3: forms the daughter strand; DNA polymerase 1: replaces primer with DNA; DNA ligase: seals the fragments on the lagging strand

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6
Q

What is the location of DNA within the cell during transcription and translation?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

What are the main differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA: double helix, G-C, A-T, nucleus only
RNA: single strand, G-C, A-U, nucleus and cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

A point mutation that causes one amino acid to replace the amino acid originally intended

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9
Q

Provide a description of the three types of RNA

A

mRNA, transcribes DNA code for determining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide; tRNA, transports amino acids to ribosomes during translation; rRNA, forms ribosomes with proteins

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10
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A

The mRNA moves to and is read by the ribosome.
The ribosome builds in the specific tRNA with the correct amino acid by matching the anticodone to the codone.
The ribosome takes the amino acid off the tRNA and attaches it to elongating polypeptide chain until the mRNA contains a stop codon

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11
Q

What is an organism whose genome has been artificially changed?

A

GMO or genetically modified organism

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12
Q

Rice that has an added gene that causes the production and storing of vitamin A

A

Golden Rice

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13
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications

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14
Q

What is PCR or polymerase chain reaction?

A

A technique used to make multiple copies of DNA fragments

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15
Q

What are the stages of PCR?

A

Denaturation - annealing - elongation

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16
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Genes are transferred into a person cells to correct a genetic defect

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17
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent change in DNA sequence

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18
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

The sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), nitrogenous base (GCAT/U) and three phosphate groups

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19
Q

What is the central dogma of biology

A

DNA to RNA (transcription)
RNA to protein (translation)

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20
Q

What is the term for when genes from different species are inserted into a current cultivar?

A

Transgenesis

21
Q

Who are the scientists who discovered the accurate molecular shape of DNA?

A

Chargoff- base pair rule
Watson and Crick- first accurate model
Franklin- first x-ray crystalography of DNA
Wilkins- shared photo

22
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for removing the RNA primer and replacing it with DNA in the process of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase 1

23
Q

Which point mutations brings in the same amino acid due to redundancy in the genetic code?

A

Silent mutation

24
Q

What technique is used to separate DNA fragments according to size in the process of DNA fingerprinting?

A

Gel electrophoresis

25
Q

What does the acronym CRISPR stand for

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

26
Q

What is an organism that receives DNA from a different organism of the same species such as the red flesh apples?

A

Cisgenic organisms or cysgenesis

27
Q

Which enzyme involved in genetic engineering recognize a specific target nucleotide sequence in DNA and break the DNA at the target. E.g. the scissors of genetic engineering

A

Restriction Endonucleases

28
Q

Many of our domesticated animals and agricultural products have changed over time to demonstrate desirable traits via selective crossovers. This is known as?

A

Conventional breeding

29
Q

What process involves the nucleus from a donor egg cell being replaced with a nucleus from a second organism, which was allowed to divide to the blastocyst stage before being implanted in a surrogate mother?

A

Cloning

30
Q

What enzyme is responsible for a transcription

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

What steps occur to pre- mRNA before it is the mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus

A

Splicing, cap, tail

32
Q

What is the main takeaway from the human genome project

A

The non-coding regions of DNA are much more significant than previously thought

33
Q

Give one example of a missense mutation and one of a frame shift mutation

A

Missense- sickle cell anemia
Frame shift- thalassemia

34
Q

Describe a phosphodiester bond as its role in the structure of DNA

A

The phosphodiester bond builds the backbone of the DNA connecting sugar to phosphate to sugar to phosphate

35
Q

What type of bond connects one amino acid to another in the growing peptide

A

Peptide bond

36
Q

What are the two important sites on a tRNA

A

AA or amino acid attachment site and the anticodone

37
Q

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together in a double helix

A

Hydrogen bond

38
Q

The genetic code is said to be_________, It is the same code for most every organism.

A

Universal

39
Q

Which type of mutation causes translation to stop by bringing in a releasing factor instead of the originally intended amino acid

A

Nonsense mutation

40
Q

What is the term that means the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products

A

Biotechnology

41
Q

What type of stem cell can result in entirely new organism

A

Totipotent stem cell collected within 72 hours of fertilization

42
Q

What are the three types of stem cells

A

Totipotent: new organism (within 72 hours)
Pluripotent: >200 cell types (within 2 weeks)
Multi-potent: specific cell line (>2 week- adult)

43
Q

What is the term for an individual’s unique array of short tandem repeats that can be used for forensics or paternity tests

A

DNA Fingerprinting

44
Q

What is an example of eukaryotic gene expression based on the coiling of chromantin

A

Epigenetics

45
Q

What is a group of functionally related genes on a prokaryotic chromosome that are switched on or off together

A

Operon

46
Q

What conditions lead to transcription of the lac operon

A

Lactose is present and glucose is limited

47
Q

Does DNA methylation turn on or off Gene expression?

A

DNA methylation turns off gene expression

48
Q

Transcription and translation occurs simultaneously and regulation of gene expression occurs primarily at the transcription level in which organism

A

Prokaryotes

49
Q

What are the site of proteins that work with the enhancers to turn on transcription

A

Transcription factors

Bio Exam 5 (3 decks)

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