Unit 5 Review Flashcards
What is the molecular shape of DNA in which two strands of nucleotides wind around each other in a spiral shape?
Double helix
What is the sequence for the complementary daughter strand based on the following original parent strand TTA TAG CTA
AAT ATC GAT
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix in the process of DNA replication?
DNA helicase
DNA is synthesized using_____ replication?
Semi-conservative
What are the steps of DNA replication?
DNA helicase: unwinds the DNA double helix; RNA primase: build a primer of RNA nucleotides; DNA polymerase 3: forms the daughter strand; DNA polymerase 1: replaces primer with DNA; DNA ligase: seals the fragments on the lagging strand
What is the location of DNA within the cell during transcription and translation?
In the nucleus
What are the main differences between RNA and DNA?
DNA: double helix, G-C, A-T, nucleus only
RNA: single strand, G-C, A-U, nucleus and cytoplasm
What is a missense mutation?
A point mutation that causes one amino acid to replace the amino acid originally intended
Provide a description of the three types of RNA
mRNA, transcribes DNA code for determining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide; tRNA, transports amino acids to ribosomes during translation; rRNA, forms ribosomes with proteins
What are the steps of translation?
The mRNA moves to and is read by the ribosome.
The ribosome builds in the specific tRNA with the correct amino acid by matching the anticodone to the codone.
The ribosome takes the amino acid off the tRNA and attaches it to elongating polypeptide chain until the mRNA contains a stop codon
What is an organism whose genome has been artificially changed?
GMO or genetically modified organism
Rice that has an added gene that causes the production and storing of vitamin A
Golden Rice
What is a plasmid?
A small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications
What is PCR or polymerase chain reaction?
A technique used to make multiple copies of DNA fragments
What are the stages of PCR?
Denaturation - annealing - elongation
What is gene therapy?
Genes are transferred into a person cells to correct a genetic defect
What is a mutation?
A permanent change in DNA sequence
What are the components of a nucleotide?
The sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), nitrogenous base (GCAT/U) and three phosphate groups
What is the central dogma of biology
DNA to RNA (transcription)
RNA to protein (translation)
What is the term for when genes from different species are inserted into a current cultivar?
Transgenesis
Who are the scientists who discovered the accurate molecular shape of DNA?
Chargoff- base pair rule
Watson and Crick- first accurate model
Franklin- first x-ray crystalography of DNA
Wilkins- shared photo
Which enzyme is responsible for removing the RNA primer and replacing it with DNA in the process of DNA replication
DNA polymerase 1
Which point mutations brings in the same amino acid due to redundancy in the genetic code?
Silent mutation
What technique is used to separate DNA fragments according to size in the process of DNA fingerprinting?
Gel electrophoresis
What does the acronym CRISPR stand for
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
What is an organism that receives DNA from a different organism of the same species such as the red flesh apples?
Cisgenic organisms or cysgenesis
Which enzyme involved in genetic engineering recognize a specific target nucleotide sequence in DNA and break the DNA at the target. E.g. the scissors of genetic engineering
Restriction Endonucleases
Many of our domesticated animals and agricultural products have changed over time to demonstrate desirable traits via selective crossovers. This is known as?
Conventional breeding
What process involves the nucleus from a donor egg cell being replaced with a nucleus from a second organism, which was allowed to divide to the blastocyst stage before being implanted in a surrogate mother?
Cloning
What enzyme is responsible for a transcription
RNA polymerase
What steps occur to pre- mRNA before it is the mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus
Splicing, cap, tail
What is the main takeaway from the human genome project
The non-coding regions of DNA are much more significant than previously thought
Give one example of a missense mutation and one of a frame shift mutation
Missense- sickle cell anemia
Frame shift- thalassemia
Describe a phosphodiester bond as its role in the structure of DNA
The phosphodiester bond builds the backbone of the DNA connecting sugar to phosphate to sugar to phosphate
What type of bond connects one amino acid to another in the growing peptide
Peptide bond
What are the two important sites on a tRNA
AA or amino acid attachment site and the anticodone
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together in a double helix
Hydrogen bond
The genetic code is said to be_________, It is the same code for most every organism.
Universal
Which type of mutation causes translation to stop by bringing in a releasing factor instead of the originally intended amino acid
Nonsense mutation
What is the term that means the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products
Biotechnology
What type of stem cell can result in entirely new organism
Totipotent stem cell collected within 72 hours of fertilization
What are the three types of stem cells
Totipotent: new organism (within 72 hours)
Pluripotent: >200 cell types (within 2 weeks)
Multi-potent: specific cell line (>2 week- adult)
What is the term for an individual’s unique array of short tandem repeats that can be used for forensics or paternity tests
DNA Fingerprinting
What is an example of eukaryotic gene expression based on the coiling of chromantin
Epigenetics
What is a group of functionally related genes on a prokaryotic chromosome that are switched on or off together
Operon
What conditions lead to transcription of the lac operon
Lactose is present and glucose is limited
Does DNA methylation turn on or off Gene expression?
DNA methylation turns off gene expression
Transcription and translation occurs simultaneously and regulation of gene expression occurs primarily at the transcription level in which organism
Prokaryotes
What are the site of proteins that work with the enhancers to turn on transcription
Transcription factors
