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MLT Clinical Chemistry > Unit 5 Review > Flashcards

Unit 5 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following electrolyte measurements would be of clinical usefulness to the clinician treating patients for pregnancy-induced hypertension?

A

Magnesium

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2
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects the clinical usefulness for measuring ionized or free calcium in blood?

A

It is the best indication of calcium status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by PTH and vitamin D

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3
Q

Which of the following blood drawing tubes is most appropriate for measuring magnesium?

A

Plain red top with no additives

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4
Q

Which of the following reagents is used to determine the concentration of serum magnesium?

A

Methylthymol blue

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5
Q

Monitoring intraoperative PTH is useful for:

A

Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism

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6
Q

Blood levels of ionized calcium are sensitive to which of the following?

A
  • pH and temperature
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7
Q

Which of the following additives is preferred when drawing blood samples to measure parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Potassium (3)-EDTA (K3-EDTA) because PTH is most stable using this additive

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8
Q

Which of the following statements best illustrates the diagnostic criteria for primary hyperarathyroidism?

A

Detectable amounts of serum PTH concomitant with elevated total serum calcium

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9
Q

Which of the following feedback mechanisms regulate the productions of 1, 25(OH) 2D3?

A

Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus

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10
Q

Which of the following is an effect of increased parathyroid secretion?

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium

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11
Q

Which of the following laboratory results reflects a patient diagnosed with rickets as a result of a dietary deficiency of vitamin D?

A

Increased serum PINP, increased serum TRAP, and increased serum DPD

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12
Q

Which of the following do calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium have in common?

A

They all exist as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals, e.g. sulfates to form salts

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13
Q

A blood specimen is received in the laboratory from a maternity in the obstetric unit with blood magnesium ordered by the attending physician. The serum magnesium level is 5.0 mg/dL (RI = 1.6–2.6 mg/dL). Which of the following explains the elevated serum magnesium?

A

The patient is on magnesium sulfate intravenous infusion because she is experiencing preclampsia

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14
Q

Which of the following is considered a significant problem with using biomarkers of bone turnover in the management of patients with osteoporosis in a clinical setting?

A

The measurements are affected by several preanalytical variables both controllable and uncontrollable

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15
Q

Which laboratory test listed would be clinically useful to the clinician to assess patents with osteoporosis?

A

Serum NTX-1

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16
Q

Which of the following laboratory results best represents a patent with Paget’s disease?

A

Decreased urinary hydroxyproline and increased serum alkaline phosphatase

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17
Q

A progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architertural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptible to fracture describes which of the following disorders?

A

Osteoporosis

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18
Q

Which of the following reagents is used in the colorimetric method to determine the concentration of calcium in serum?

A

Cresolpthalein complexone

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19
Q

Which of the following is an example of a controllable preanalytical variable associated with specimen collection for bone biomarker testing?

A

Diet

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20
Q

Pyridinoline, Carboxy, amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase are all examples of which of the following?

A

Biomarkers of resorption

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21
Q

Which of the following compounds promote osteoclast formation?

A

1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3

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22
Q

Heat inactivation and chemical inhibiton are two method used to measure which of the following analytes?

A

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes

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23
Q

Measuring RANK and/or RANKL may be clinically useful for assessing which of the following conditions?

A

Bone fractures

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24
Q

Which of the following instruments can measure calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood samples?

A

Atomic absorption spectrometer

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25
Q

Biomarkers of bone formation include which of the following?

A

Osteocalcin

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26
Q

What hormone is produced by the placenta?

A
  • hCG
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27
Q

Pituitary gigantism associated with which of the following?

A

Growth (GH) excess

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28
Q

Which of the following is the principle estrogen produced by the ovaries and measured to evaluate ovarian function?

A

Estradiol

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29
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

A

ACTH independent

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30
Q

Which of the following laboratory tests provides a valid index of glucocorticoids secretion?

A

Urinary free cortisol

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31
Q

Diabetes inspidius is characterized by:

A

Copious production of urine (polyuria)

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32
Q

Which of the following classes of compounds are derived from tyrosine and includes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine?

A

Catecholamines

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33
Q

Pheohromocytoma is a tumor arising from which of the following?

A

Neurochromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

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34
Q

Which metabolite is most often increased in carcinoid tumors?

A

5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA)

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35
Q

Which of the following is a metabolite of catecholamine?

A

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

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36
Q

Thyroid hormones are derived from which of the following amino acids?

A

Tyrosine

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37
Q

The designation of “high sensitivity” for select quantitative serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tests indicates which of the following?

A

The test exhibits low analytical sensitivity

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38
Q

A normally functioning thyroid gland is clinically referred to as:

A

Euthyroid

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39
Q

Which of the following are characteristic of serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG)?

A

Tightly bound to protein moiety, not biologically active and binds to testosterone

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40
Q

The goal of early detection and treatment of neonatal hypothyroidism is to eliminate?

A

severe mental retardation associated with thyroid hormone deficiency in early infancy

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41
Q

Which of the following describes the hypothalamic hormones?

A

They at as releasing hormones on the pituitary

42
Q

Unconjugated estriol (uE3) is clinically useful for identifying which of the following?

A

a fetus with Down syndrome

43
Q

Which of the following hormones is useful in identifying women with ectopic pregnancies or abnormal intrauterine pregnancies?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

44
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are hormones that are released by the:

A

Posterior pituitary

45
Q

In the thyroid gland, which of the following is described as the secretory unit?

A

Follicle

46
Q

Pituitary secretion of ACTH is inhibited by elevated levels of:

A

Cortisol

47
Q

Tetraiodothyronine describes which of the following compounds?

A

T4 (thyroxine)

48
Q

Which of the following is described as a smooth muscle stimulant and vasoconstrictor?

A

Serotonin

49
Q

Which of the following is the principle method used to measure hormone levels in blood in many clinical laboratories?

A

Immunoassays

50
Q

Once produced, the thyroid hormones are stored as thyroglobulin in which of the following:

A

Colloid

51
Q

In a patient with suspected primary hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease), one would expect the following laboratory serum results: total T4__________ FT4________. And TSH________.

A

Increased, increased, decreased

52
Q

Free thyroxine assays measure which of the following?

A

Only the unbound thyroxine level

53
Q

Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies are most sensitive for detecting which thyroid disorder?

A

Autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

54
Q

3, 5, 3’-triodothyronine is characterized as which of the following?

A

The most potent thyroid hormone

55
Q

A patient with Addison’s disease would present with which of the following?

A

Low blood sodium, high blood potassium levels

56
Q

Mini, little and big are all descriptors for which of the following peptides?

A

Gastrin

57
Q

Which of the following is the primary physiological role of secretin??

A

Stimulate the pancreas to secrete an increased volume of juice with high bi carbonate content

58
Q

The structure of cholecystokinin (CCK) is described as:

A

Linear polypeptide with multiple molecular forms

59
Q

Which of the following compounds key physiological action includes stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of hyperglycemia and increasing intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion?

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

60
Q

Which of the following represents two primary functions of the GI tract?

A

Assimilation of nutrients and elimination of waste

61
Q

Transmural inflammation is associated with:

A

Crohn’s disease

62
Q

A gastrinoma is classified as which of the following?

A

Neuroendocrine tumor (NET)

63
Q

Which of the following GI disorders is characterized by a modified gut immune function?

A

Celiac disease

64
Q

Which of the following cells contain cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

I cells from the upper small intestinal mucosa

65
Q

Which of the following laboratory analytes is tested from a patient with suspected lactose intolerance?

A

Glucose

66
Q

Which of the following is test(s) are clinically useful for assessing patients with possible mucosal blood loss?

A

Serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

67
Q

Which of the following is a useful clinical laboratory test for bile salt malabsorption?

A

Measurement of 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one

68
Q

Which of the following clinical laboratory tests is useful for diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

A

Serum measurement of IgA, IgG, and cytotoxic-associated gene A (CagA)

69
Q

A patient with suspected protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) would have which of the following laboratory results?

A

Fecal clearance of Alpha-1-antitrypsin

70
Q

Which of the following GI peptides relaxes smooth muscles of gut, blood and genitourinary system; increases water and electrolyte secretion and stimulate the release of hormones from pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus?

A

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

71
Q

Which of the the following statements is correct regarding glycocholic and taurocholate acid

A

They are bile acids synthesized in the liver

72
Q

Which of the following test results are correct for a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Elevated serum gastrin, increase in basal gastric acid output

73
Q

The cutoff point for fasting serum glucose in the lactose tolerance test is > 30 mg/dL (>1.7 mmol/L). Which of the following is the correct interpretation for a patient whose fasting serum glucose is <20 mg/dL (<1.1 mmol/L)?

A

The pateint is lactose intolerant

74
Q

The consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin can lead to which of the following?

A

Helicobacter pylori disease

75
Q

Which of the following laboratory results is consistent with with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

76
Q

Scurvy is a disorder caused by a deficiency is which of the following?

A

Vitamin C

77
Q

Vitamins A, D and K are classified as:

A

Fat-soluble

78
Q

Vitamin B12 is also named?

A

Cyanocobalamin

79
Q

Which disorder is associated with vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency?

A

Beriberi

80
Q

A deficiency of vitamin K (menaquinone) can result in which of the following?

A

Increased clotting time

81
Q

The term associated with indirect methods for assessment of vitamin status is termed:

A

Functional assays

82
Q

Retinol is formed from which of the following vitamins?

A

Preformed vitamin A

83
Q

Insufficient amounts of vitamin A can lead to degenerative changes to the cornea, which leads to poor dark adaption, or night blindness, also known as:

A

Nyctalopia

84
Q

Vitamin D deficiency leads to which of the following conditions?

A

Rickets

85
Q

Which of the following functions as a chain-breaking antioxidant and is a pyroxyl radical scavenger the protects LDL and polyunsaturated fats in membranes from oxidation?

A

Alpha-tocopherol

86
Q

Vitamin E toxicity has been associated with which of the following?

A

An affliction of premature infants who have been exposed to high oxygen therapy and later developed retinopathy of prematurity (formerly retrolental fibroplasias)

87
Q

A direct assay for measurement of plasma phylloquinone is useful to assess:

A

Vitamin K status

88
Q

Decreased serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid are seen in patients with which of the following?

A

Sprue

89
Q

A pateint with megaloblastic anemia would show which of the following?

A

Decreased vitamin B12, decreased folic acid

90
Q

An individual who consumes massive amounts of vitamin C may develop kidney stones consisting of:

A

Oxalic acid

91
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA) contains which of the following?

A

Pantothenic acid

92
Q

Changes in vitamin B12 are most dramatic in tissues with the greatest rate of cell turnover because:

A

Deficiencies result in impaired DNA synthesis in any cell where chromosomal replication and division takes place

93
Q

Three natural forms of vitamin B6 are:

A

Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) (PN), pyridoxamine (PM), and pyridoxal (PL)

94
Q

A patient with presents with the following symptoms: loss of appetite
generalized weakness
abdominal pain and vomiting
bright red tongue (glossitis)
skin rash (casal’s necklace)
Which of the following is associated with these symptoms?

A

Pellagra

95
Q

Measurement of vitamin B12 concentration in serum using an immunoassay is an example of which of the following?

A

Direct assay

96
Q

Which of the following is described as a nervous system ailment because of a deficiency of thiamine?

A

Beriberi

97
Q

Rickets in children of osteoporosis in adults can be minimized through dietary supplementation with which of the following?

A

Vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus

98
Q

Pellagra is associated with a deficiency of which of the following vitamins?

A

Vitamin B3

99
Q

Niacin is converted to which of the following two cofactors?

A

Nicotinamide- adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

100
Q

Which vitamin is a component of two redox coenzymes?

A

Vitamin B2

MLT Clinical Chemistry (7 decks)

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