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MLT Clinical Chemistry > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Electromagnetic radiation exists both as Maxwell’s wave and as streams of particles called:

A

Photons

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2
Q

Amplitude of the electro magnetic sine wave is defined as:

A
  • the length of the electronic vector at maximum peak height
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3
Q

A nano-meter is equivalent to:

A

10-9 meters

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4
Q

What is the concentration of serum uric acid in a solution whose absorbance is 0.098, cuvette path length, 1.0 cm, absorptivity is 0.102 L g-1cm-1?

A

0.96 mg/L

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5
Q

What is the concentration of creatinine in a serum sample if given the following?

A test = 0.150
A standard = 0.90
C standard = 1.0 mg/dL

A

0.167 mg/dL

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6
Q

Which of the following type of light sources emits radiation that changes in intensity very slowly as a function of wavelength?

A
  • continuum source
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7
Q

Filters and diffraction gratings are examples of which of the following?

A

Monochromators

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8
Q

The wavelength in nanometers at peak transmittance is termed:

A

Nominal wavelength

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9
Q

Bandpass is defined as:

A

The total range of wavelengths transmitted

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10
Q

A photomultiplier tube functions to:

A

Increase the electronic signal produced as photons cascade from dynode to dynode

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11
Q

Didymium and holmium oxide filters are used to assess:

A

Wavelength

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12
Q

Which of the following is a cause of stray light failure in a spectrophotmeter?

A

Room light entering the spectrophotometer and impinging upon the detector

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13
Q

Light reflecting off a urine dipstick absorbent surface is an example of which the following?

A
  • diffuse reflectance
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14
Q

What of the following describe atoms absorption spectroscopy?

A

The absorption of monochromatic electromagnetic radiation by an element in its ground state with a net zero charge

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15
Q

Which of the following statements best illustrates the difference between photons from fluorescent emission and the excitation photons?

A

Emission photons are lower energy and longer wavelengths

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16
Q

The polarization of light in fluorescent polarization immunoassay allows the measurement of which of the following?

A

Bound fraction in the presence of the free fraction

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17
Q

A chelate of europium (Eu3+) is used in which of the following assays?

A

Time-resolved fluorescent immunoassays

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18
Q

Oxidation of acridinium esters by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of peroxidase produces which of the following?

A

Chemiluminescence

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19
Q

Turbidimetry is the measurement of the reduction in light transmission caused by:

A

Particle formation

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20
Q

The presence of particulates in a urine same measured by a refractometry will result in which of the following?

A

A change in the critical angle of the light as it passes through the solution

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21
Q

Which of the following accounts for the temperature rise in freezing point osmometry?

A

Heat of fusion

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22
Q

Which of the following electrical devices senses the freezing point of a solution in an osmometer?

A

A thermistor

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23
Q

Through is defined as:

A

Number of tests performed per hour

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24
Q

Which of the following statements best describes discrete testing?

A

Measure only the test requested on a sample

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25
Q

Any specimen, by a command to the processing systems, can be analyzed by an available process, in or out of sequence with other specimens, and without regard to their initial order describes which type of sample processing principle?

A

Random access analysis

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26
Q

A designated area where a limited number of specific tasks are completed described which of the following terms ?

A

Work station

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27
Q

Which of the following devices is suitable to detect clots in serum specimens?

A

Pressure transducer

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28
Q

A glucose result is falsely elevated and it was discovered that the previous sample on the sample carousel has abnormally high serum glucose. Which of the following can cause this error?

A

Carryover

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29
Q

Which of the following statements best describes unit test reagents?

A

There is sufficient reagent present for the performance of a single test

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30
Q

Which of the following represents a disadvantage to acquiring and implementing total laboratory automation?

A

The initial costs are very high

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31
Q

Increase test throughput, reduce turnaround time, and compensate for staff shortages are all examples of which of the following?

A

Factors that drive automation

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32
Q

Automating laboratory testing has resulting which of the following?

A

A reduction in the number of laboratory errors

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33
Q

Which of the following is an example of software that allows a laboratory to connect their existing LIS and instrumentation to facilitate sharing information and performs tasks not currently done with laboratories existing hardware and software?

A

Middleware

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34
Q

Direct tube sampling by automated analyzer eliminated the need to perform which of the following tasks?

A

Pour off specimens into another container

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35
Q

A test menu is:

A

A listing of all of the tests or analytes that the instrument is capable of measuring

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36
Q

The chemical bonds between amino acids in the primary structure of proteins are:

A

Peptide bonds

37
Q

Protein is approximately _________ nitrogen

A

16%

38
Q

The structure of a protein that is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is the:

A

Primary structure

39
Q

The common ingredients of all biuret reagents are:

A

Sodium potassium tartrate copper sulfate, and sodium hydroxide

40
Q

Hyperalbuminemia is caused by:

A

Dehyration syndromes

41
Q

Bromcresol Green (BCG) may be used in the dye binding assay of:

A

Albumin

42
Q

In agarose gel electrophoresis of human serum at pH 8.6, the slowest moving fraction is:

A

Y-globulin

43
Q

High serum total protein but low albumin is usually seen in:

A

Multiple myeloma

44
Q

Which of the following serum proteins migrates with the beta globulins on cellulose acetate at pH 8.6?

A

Hemopexin

45
Q

Absence of a large decrease in the alpha-1 globulin peak in a serum electrophoresis pattern suggests:

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

46
Q

A protein that is increased or normal in nephrotic syndrome is:

A

A2-macroglobulin

47
Q

The principal protein for transport of iron from the intestine to the liver, bone marrow, or spleen for storage is:

A

Transferrin

48
Q

Ceruloplasmin is an a2-globulin that contains:

A

Copper

49
Q

Myeloma (Bence Jones) protein is MOST often found electrophoretically in the area of:

A

Y-globulin

50
Q

A decrease in this protein will result in an emphysema-like condition

A

A1-antitrypsin

51
Q

In an acute phase reaction, there is an:

A

Decrease in albumin, increase in a1-globulin, a2-globulin, and a3-globulin

52
Q

Which of the following conditions is usually associated with an acute inflammatory pattern?

A

Myocardial infarction

53
Q

Marys total protein is 7.5 g/dL and her albumin is 4.2 g/dL. What is her A/G ratio?

A

1.3

54
Q

Which protein band comprises 2-4% of the relative protein?

A

A1-globulin

55
Q

What is the clinical significance of testing for tranthyretin?

A

Low levels indicate compromised nutritional status

56
Q

Which is the most abundant y-globulins?

A

IgG

57
Q

Bill has a total protein of 7.5 g/dL and his protein electrophoresis reports a 12% B-globulin. What is his B-globulin level in g/dL?

A

0.9 g/L

58
Q

Which condition is associated with fusion of the B-y bridging?

A

Cirrhosis

59
Q

Which of the following conditions is associated with an elevated total protein?

A

Malignancy

60
Q

Which of the following proteins is part of the coagulation cascade?

A

Fibrinogen

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT an NPN substance?

A

Troponin T

62
Q

Urea/BUN is produced from:

A

The catabolism of proteins and amino acids

63
Q

An elevated BUN usually indicates:

A

Kidney disease

64
Q

Bun is increased with:

A

A high protein diet

65
Q

In the Berthelot method, BUN is measured by reaction with:

A

Phenol and sodium hydrochloride

66
Q

Urea can be measured by incubation with urease followed by all of the following except:

A

Formation of a colored product by reaction with diacetyl

67
Q

Normal values for urea are generally expressed as urea nitrogen. If it is necessary to convert urea nitrogen values to urea, the concentration may be calculated easily by multiplying the urea nitrogen value by:

A

2.14

68
Q

A BUN of 10 mg/dL is obtained by a technologist. What is the urea concentration?

A

21.4 mg/dL

69
Q

A Renal azotemia is found in:

A

Nephrotic syndrome

70
Q

Prerenal hyperuricemia is caused by:

A

Dehydration

71
Q

Creatinine is formed from the:

A

Oxidation of creatine

72
Q

Creatinine reacts with strong alkaline picrate to form a yellow-red compound. This reaction is:

A

Jaffe reaction

73
Q

Creatinine levels are usually:

A

0.8-1.2 mg/dL

74
Q

A creatinine would be increased in which of the following?

A

Muscular dystrophy

75
Q

Serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine determination are frequently requested together so that their ratio may be evaluated. What is the range of the normal ratio of urea nitrogen to creatinine?

A

12/1 and 20/1

76
Q

A high BUN/creatinine ratio with an elevated creatinine is usually seen in:

A

Postrenal azotemia

77
Q

A technologist obtains a BUN value of 61 mg/dL and serum creatinine value of 3.5mg/dL on a patient. The BUN/creatinine ratio indicates:

A

Renal failure

78
Q

Increased uric acid is found in each of the following conditions except:

A

Hypothyroidism

79
Q

All of the following conditions are associated with hyperuricemia except:

A

Liver failure

80
Q

Uric acid values are usually elevated in patients with leukemia because of the breakdown of:

A

Nucleic acid (adenine and guanine)

81
Q

Uric acid may be determined with:

A

Both B and C

B. The enzyme uricase
C. Formation of a blue color phosphotungastic acid

82
Q

The creatinine clearance test is routinely used to assess the glomerular filtration rate. Given the following information for an average size adult, calculate a creatinine clearance
Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL
Plasma creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL
24hr urine volume: 1520 mL

A

105.6 mL/min

83
Q

The chief source of error in kidney evaluation using the excretion rate of substance is:

A

The timing and completeness of collection

84
Q

An exogenous substance used to assess the glomerular filtration rate that afford the most accurate measure of renal clearance

A

Insulin

85
Q

Which condition is associated with massive proteinuria?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

86
Q

The protein section of the reagent strip is MOST sensitive to:

A

Albumin

87
Q

Dipstick reaction for blood are based on:

A

The peroxidase activity of hemoglobin

88
Q

Leukocyte reagent strips are used to detect leukocyte:

A

Esterases

MLT Clinical Chemistry (7 decks)

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