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AP Gov > Unit 5: Political Participation > Flashcards

Unit 5: Political Participation Flashcards

1
Q

14th amendment

A

ensures equal protection under the law preventing states from enacting discrimantory practices on a persons ability to vote

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2
Q

15th amendment

A

citizens wont be denied access to voting due to race, color ,or previous condition of servitude

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3
Q

17th amdnment

A

senators are chose by popular vote

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4
Q

19th amendmnet

A

women can vote

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5
Q

24th amendmnet

A

no more poll taxes

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6
Q

26th amendmnet

A

citizens 18 or older can vote

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7
Q

rational choice voting

A

occurs when a vote revires the ssues or candidate, evaluates campaign promises and decides to vote in a way that benefits them the most

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8
Q

retrospective voting

A

a voter looks back at the candidates track records

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9
Q

prospective voting

A

a voter anticipates what might happen in the future, considering the promises and the platform that may impact the voter’s life moving foward

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10
Q

straight ticket voting

A

voter selects candidates from the same political party for all offices on the ballot

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11
Q

structural barriers to voting

A

voting registration
voter id laws
election day issues
disenfranchisement
gerrymandering

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12
Q

voter registration

A

most states require enrollment 30 days in advance
different rules in different states
federalsim: both state and federal laws

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13
Q

voter id laws

A

burden to the poor and to certain demographics

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14
Q

election day issues

A

long poll lines
people at work

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15
Q

political effiacy

A

citizens’ trust in their ability to change the government

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16
Q

linkage institutions

A

a structure within a society that connects the people to the government
political parties, elections, the media, ect

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17
Q

interest groups

A

An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy.
use litigation to set precendent

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18
Q

how are elections a linkage institution

A

give “we the people” the most direct way to influence our government and its decisions through voting and donations

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19
Q

how the media is a linkage institution

A

voice opinions
provide news
act as watchdog

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20
Q

republican plaform

A

liberty, economic prosperity, preserving American values and traditions, and restoring the American dream

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21
Q

democratic party platform

A

emphasizes social and economic equality, advocating for policies such as affordable healthcare through programs like the Affordable Care Act, climate change action, and renewable energy investments

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22
Q

Candidate-centered campaigns

A

are electoral strategies that focus on the individual candidate rather than the political party as a whole.

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23
Q

Critical elections

A

eletions that reveal sharp, lasting changes in loyalties to politcal partues

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24
Q

Proportional representation

A

each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

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25
winner take all system
an electoral process where the candidate who receives the most votes in a particular state wins all of that state's electoral votes
26
two party system
a political party system in which two major political parties consistently dominate the political landscape
27
third party agendas
to the set of issues, policies, and priorities that are championed by political parties outside of the two dominant parties.
28
independent candidate
a political candidate who does not belong to any established political party and runs for office without formal affiliation
29
lobbying
the process by which individuals or groups, often organized as interest groups, attempt to influence government decision-making and policy outcomes.
30
free-riders
An individual who does not to join a group representing his or her interests yet receives the benefit of the group's influence
31
single issue groups
an organization that focuses exclusively on one specific area of public policy, advocacy, or concern
32
political Realignment
refers to a significant and lasting shift in the electoral support and ideological orientation of political parties, often resulting in the emergence of new coalitions and the restructuring of party systems. occurs during critical elections can reflect changes in public opinion, demographics, and political priorities
33
incumbency advantage
the benefits that current officeholders have over challengers in elections, making it easier for them to win reelection from factors such as name recognition, established donor networks, and the ability to leverage their position
34
open primary
allows all registered voters to pick a candidate from any political party.
35
closed primary
registered members of political parties may vote for their respective party's candidates i
36
caucuses
meetings of members of a political party or faction to discuss and decide on policies, strategies, and candidate selections.
37
party convention
large gatherings organized by political parties to nominate candidates for public office, particularly the presidency.
38
Delegates
chosen at party primaries and caucuses who are committed to supporting a specific candidate at the party's national convention to determine the nominee for president,
39
general elections
elections determine which candidates will hold public office, including members of Congress,
40
Midterm Elections
the general elections that occur in the middle of a president's four-year term, determine the composition of Congress
41
how many votes needed to win presidenecy
270
42
Modern Campaigns
less reliant on political parties and are increasingly candidate-centered hiring of professional political consultants
43
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002)
aimed to regulate the financing of political campaigns in the United States sought to eliminate soft money contributions to national political parties and impose stricter limits on individual contributions
44
political action committee
organizations that raise and spend money to elect or defeat political candidates
45
superpacs
'independent expenditure-only committees,' are organizations that can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money to influence elections.
46
Soft Money
political contributions that are made to political parties for purposes other than supporting a specific candidate, often used for party-building activities, such as increasing voter registration or sustaining local parties.
47
agenda setting
The power of the media through news coverage to focus the public's attention and concern on particular events, problems, issues, personalities, and so on
48
Horse-race journalism
the treatment of political campaigns, particularly elections, focusing primarily on who is ahead or behind in polls and predictions rather than on policy issues or candidate qualifications
49
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
ruled that corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns, as long as they do so independently of a candidate's campaign due to the free speech clause of the first amendment
50
increasing voter turnout
upgrade technoligy absentee ballots early voting
51
demographics
can be used to predict who will vote and who for
52
religion
catholics and jews: lean left, but mixture of both evangelicals: right
53
gender
women: lean left bc they oppose harsh ounishments, less war prone, and favor go spenind on welfare men: opposite
54
ethnicities
latio: lean left asians: lean right
55
political parties as a linkage institution
persuading people to vitre educate voters encourage people to get involved in the campaign process
56
political parties in government
create policy, pass legislation, exapand power through nominations gerymandering
57
purpose of theird parties
draw attention to issues, influence the major parties platofrms
58
electioneering
the process by which political groups convince voters to cast ballots for or against particular candidates, parties, or issues.
59
iron triangles
promote certain policy goals in exchange for smth that will benefit the group implementing siad policy
60
issue networks
connect group with similar groups to make a more powerful influence
61
who are elections run by
states FEDERALISM
62
how state electoral votes are counted
votes transported to washington vp and speaker of house count them before a joint session
63
how the electoral college facilitates democracy
candidates must campaign in most states rather than ust heavily populated ones guarenees a consesus presided with wide supoort
64
federal election comission
in charge of regulating campaign finance laws
65
who is limited in their contribution to candidate campaigns
individuals, corporations, labor unions, and PACs
66
who is unlimited in outside spendin on an election
superPACs and charotable organizations
67
how media influences poliical participation
provides info on candiadtes and their policies mobilizes voters facilitate discusisions organize movements
68
ideoligcally oriented programming
people view different info based on what source they watch to confirm their bias
69
consumer-driven media
media traded credibility for profitability, focusing on a certian grouo to share news to

AP Gov (4 decks)

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