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Yasmin Biology flashcards > unit 5 - nervous system, the heart, muscles > Flashcards

unit 5 - nervous system, the heart, muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which nervous systems speeds up the heart?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

which nervous systems slows down the heart?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

what des the parasympathetic nervous system release to slow down the heart?

A

acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)

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4
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system release to speed up heart

A

noradrenaline (neurotransmitter)

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5
Q

ECG: what does part P represent?

A

atrial depolarisation (atrial systole)

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6
Q

ECG: what does part R represent?

A

ventricular depolarisation (ventricular systole)

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7
Q

ECG: what does part T represent?

A

repolarisation (atria + ventricular diastole)

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8
Q

does myoglobin do cooperative binding?

A

no

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9
Q

what curve is myoglobin’s affinity represented in?

A

hyperbolic curve

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10
Q

what are slow twitch muscles used for

A

maintain body posture

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11
Q

do slow twitch muscles contain myoglobin?

A

yes

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12
Q

how do slow twitch muscles respire?

A

mainly aerobically

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13
Q

what do slow twitch muscles use for fuel?

A

glucose mainly

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what do slow twitch muscles contain a lot of?

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

what are fast twitch muscles used for?

A

sudden rapid activity

17
Q

how do fast twitch muscles respire mainly?

A

anaerobicallly

18
Q

what colour are the 2 types of muscles

A

fast - pale
slow- red (myoglobin)

19
Q

what do fast twitch muscles have high levels of?

A

creatine

20
Q

how are the myofibrils packed in fast twitch?

A

close together

21
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

cardiac
skeletal
smooth

22
Q

how do skeletal muscles appear under miscoscope?

A

striped

23
Q

what is a myofibril?

A

several muscle cells

24
Q

what do u call a muscle cell?

A

sarcomere

25
Q

what does myogenic mean? example?

A

contract by itself w/o external stimuli
e.g. cardiac muscle

26
Q

what is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum? what do they bind to? causing what?

A

calcium ions bind to troponin, this causes troponin to change shape and pull of the tropomyosin

27
Q

what does the movement of tropomyosin do?

A

exposes the myosin binding site

28
Q

what is released from myosin head once bonded to myosin binding site>

A

ADP + Pi

29
Q

what does release of ADP + Pi cause?

A

causes myosin to change shape, and head bends forwards pushing actin along 10nm

30
Q

what does free ATP do? what does it cause?

A

ATP bind to myosin head, cause change in shape, cross bridge between myosin + binding site broken

31
Q

what does the presence of calcium ions activate?

A

ATPase enzyme, ATP is hydrolysed and energy is released, this is used to return myosin to original position

Yasmin Biology flashcards (3 decks)

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