unit 5 key terms Flashcards
subsistence agriculture (5.1)
goal is to grow enough food/ raise enough livestock to meet immediate needs of the farmer and his/her family
commercial agriculture (5.1)
goal is to grow enough crop/ raise enough livestock to sell for profit
intensive agriculture (5.1)
farmers/ranchers use large amounts of inputs to maximize yields
extensive agriculture (5.1)
uses fewer amounts of the inputs and typically have less yields
pastoral nomadism/nomadic herding (5.1)
practiced in arid and semi-arid climates by moving herds to different pastures within the territory and trading meet for crops with nearby subsistence farmers
shifting cultivations (5.1)
farmers grow crops on a piece of land for 1/2 years and move when soils loses fertility
plantation agriculture (5.1)
large commercial farm that specializes in one crop and is labor intensive, often exploiting law-wage labor
mixed crop and livestock (5.1)
intensive commercial system showing interdependence between crops and animals, crops are eaten by livestock, manure is used as fertilizer
grain agriculture (5.1)
used in drier regions to raise wheat, (spring wheat planted in spring, harvested in autumn / winter wheat planted in fall, harvested in summer)
market gardening/commercial gardening (5.1)
fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants.
dairy agriculture (5.1)
local farms that supplied products to customers in small geographical areas
mediterranean agriculture (5.1)
practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigations
livestock ranching (5.1)
the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
intensive subsistence (5.1)
labor and animal intensive, performed using low-paid human labor rather than machines
1st agriculture revolution (5.3)
the origin of farming, marked by domestication of plants and animals
hearths (5.3)
an area where major cultures began
animal domestication (5.3)
raising animals for protection, work, transportation, or as a food source
plant domestication (5.3)
using parts of stems or roots of existing plants to grow others, later becoming planting seeds
independent innovation (5.3)
crops and animal domestication in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people
diffusion (5.3)
the spreading of something more widely
columbian exchange: from europe to america (5.3)
bananas, olives, onions, rice, sugarcanes, wheat, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, smallpox, malaria, measles
columbian exchange: from america to europe (5.3)
potatoes, corn, chocolate, beans, cavasa, peanuts, peppers, pumpkins, squash, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys
enclosure acts (5.4)
a series of laws enacted by the british government to let landowners purchase and enclose land for their own use, making larger farms, more efficient production, and crops sold for profit
norman borlaug (5.5)
started to create hybrid wheat, rice, and corn seedlings, general advances in plant biology, helping mexico being self-sufficient
successful places for g.r. (5.5)
Mexico and South Asia
unsuccessful places for g.r. (5.5)
Africa
positive impacts (5.5)
higher yields, money for research and business, and food prices dropped
negative impacts (5.5)
environmental damages, gender inequality, and economic obstacles
bid-rent theory (5.6)
the distance-decay relationship between proximity to urban market and value of the land, closer to urban center, more valuable land
capital intensive agriculture (5.6)
using expensive machinery and other inputs
labor intensive (5.6)
large farms producing very large quantities of vegetables and fruits, often relying on low-paid migrant workers to tend and harvest crops
factory farming: feedlots (5.6)
capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, bred and fed in a controlled environment
aquaculture (5.6)
fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas in the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water
fallow (5.6)
plowed and harrowed but unsown to restore fertility
double cropping (5.6)
planting and harvesting a crop twice or more times per year on the same piece of land
intercropping multicropping (5.6)
when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field
monoculture (5.6)
one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land
monocropping (5.6)
continuous monoculture, except now it’s year after year
transnational/multinational corporations (5.7)
corporations that operate in many countried
vertical integration [horizontal corporation] (5.7)
the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good
economies of scales (5.7)
an increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost
commodity chain (5.7)
process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers
carrying capacity (5.7)
the number of people that U.S. farmers can support given the available resources
cool chains (5.7)
transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip
supply chains (5.9)
all the steps required to get a product or service to customers
interdependence (5.9)
connections among regions of the world
luxury crops (5.9)
not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin
colonialism (5.9)
the economic relationship between core countries and periphery/semi periphery countries
neocolonialism (5.9)
the use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies
fair trade (5.9)
an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices to close the gap of income of LCDs and MCDs
government subsides (5.9)
public financial support
infrastructure (5.9)
the roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country
land cover change (5.10)
the study of how land is used and the impacts of changing land use
pollution (5.10)
desertification (5.10)
alternation of the natural vegetation in arid areas causes fertile land to become infertile
salinization (5.10)
salt from water used by plants remain in the soil, decreasing a plant’s ability to uptake water and nutrients, creating lower yields and makes soil useless
terrace farming (5.10)
farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating flat surfaces
center-pivot irrigation (5.10)
watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilizers, or pesticides to the field
draining wetlands (5.10)
converted to agriculture or other land use
deforestation (5.10)
the removal of large tracts of forest
slash-and-burn agriculture (5.10)
all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place, ashes provide nutrients and land can be farmed for a few years
pastoral nomadism (5.10)
changing diets (5.10)
role of women in agric. production (5.10)
