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human geography > unit 5 key terms > Flashcards

unit 5 key terms Flashcards

1
Q

subsistence agriculture (5.1)

A

goal is to grow enough food/ raise enough livestock to meet immediate needs of the farmer and his/her family

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2
Q

commercial agriculture (5.1)

A

goal is to grow enough crop/ raise enough livestock to sell for profit

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3
Q

intensive agriculture (5.1)

A

farmers/ranchers use large amounts of inputs to maximize yields

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4
Q

extensive agriculture (5.1)

A

uses fewer amounts of the inputs and typically have less yields

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5
Q

pastoral nomadism/nomadic herding (5.1)

A

practiced in arid and semi-arid climates by moving herds to different pastures within the territory and trading meet for crops with nearby subsistence farmers

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6
Q

shifting cultivations (5.1)

A

farmers grow crops on a piece of land for 1/2 years and move when soils loses fertility

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7
Q

plantation agriculture (5.1)

A

large commercial farm that specializes in one crop and is labor intensive, often exploiting law-wage labor

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8
Q

mixed crop and livestock (5.1)

A

intensive commercial system showing interdependence between crops and animals, crops are eaten by livestock, manure is used as fertilizer

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9
Q

grain agriculture (5.1)

A

used in drier regions to raise wheat, (spring wheat planted in spring, harvested in autumn / winter wheat planted in fall, harvested in summer)

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10
Q

market gardening/commercial gardening (5.1)

A

fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants.

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11
Q

dairy agriculture (5.1)

A

local farms that supplied products to customers in small geographical areas

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12
Q

mediterranean agriculture (5.1)

A

practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigations

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13
Q

livestock ranching (5.1)

A

the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

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14
Q

intensive subsistence (5.1)

A

labor and animal intensive, performed using low-paid human labor rather than machines

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15
Q

1st agriculture revolution (5.3)

A

the origin of farming, marked by domestication of plants and animals

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16
Q

hearths (5.3)

A

an area where major cultures began

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17
Q

animal domestication (5.3)

A

raising animals for protection, work, transportation, or as a food source

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18
Q

plant domestication (5.3)

A

using parts of stems or roots of existing plants to grow others, later becoming planting seeds

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19
Q

independent innovation (5.3)

A

crops and animal domestication in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people

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20
Q

diffusion (5.3)

A

the spreading of something more widely

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21
Q

columbian exchange: from europe to america (5.3)

A

bananas, olives, onions, rice, sugarcanes, wheat, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, smallpox, malaria, measles

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22
Q

columbian exchange: from america to europe (5.3)

A

potatoes, corn, chocolate, beans, cavasa, peanuts, peppers, pumpkins, squash, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys

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23
Q

enclosure acts (5.4)

A

a series of laws enacted by the british government to let landowners purchase and enclose land for their own use, making larger farms, more efficient production, and crops sold for profit

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24
Q

norman borlaug (5.5)

A

started to create hybrid wheat, rice, and corn seedlings, general advances in plant biology, helping mexico being self-sufficient

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25
Q

successful places for g.r. (5.5)

A

Mexico and South Asia

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26
Q

unsuccessful places for g.r. (5.5)

A

Africa

27
Q

positive impacts (5.5)

A

higher yields, money for research and business, and food prices dropped

28
Q

negative impacts (5.5)

A

environmental damages, gender inequality, and economic obstacles

29
Q

bid-rent theory (5.6)

A

the distance-decay relationship between proximity to urban market and value of the land, closer to urban center, more valuable land

30
Q

capital intensive agriculture (5.6)

A

using expensive machinery and other inputs

31
Q

labor intensive (5.6)

A

large farms producing very large quantities of vegetables and fruits, often relying on low-paid migrant workers to tend and harvest crops

32
Q

factory farming: feedlots (5.6)

A

capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, bred and fed in a controlled environment

33
Q

aquaculture (5.6)

A

fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas in the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water

34
Q

fallow (5.6)

A

plowed and harrowed but unsown to restore fertility

35
Q

double cropping (5.6)

A

planting and harvesting a crop twice or more times per year on the same piece of land

36
Q

intercropping multicropping (5.6)

A

when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field

37
Q

monoculture (5.6)

A

one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land

38
Q

monocropping (5.6)

A

continuous monoculture, except now it’s year after year

39
Q

transnational/multinational corporations (5.7)

A

corporations that operate in many countried

40
Q

vertical integration [horizontal corporation] (5.7)

A

the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good

41
Q

economies of scales (5.7)

A

an increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost

42
Q

commodity chain (5.7)

A

process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

43
Q

carrying capacity (5.7)

A

the number of people that U.S. farmers can support given the available resources

44
Q

cool chains (5.7)

A

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

45
Q

supply chains (5.9)

A

all the steps required to get a product or service to customers

46
Q

interdependence (5.9)

A

connections among regions of the world

47
Q

luxury crops (5.9)

A

not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin

48
Q

colonialism (5.9)

A

the economic relationship between core countries and periphery/semi periphery countries

49
Q

neocolonialism (5.9)

A

the use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies

50
Q

fair trade (5.9)

A

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices to close the gap of income of LCDs and MCDs

51
Q

government subsides (5.9)

A

public financial support

52
Q

infrastructure (5.9)

A

the roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country

53
Q

land cover change (5.10)

A

the study of how land is used and the impacts of changing land use

54
Q

pollution (5.10)

A
55
Q

desertification (5.10)

A

alternation of the natural vegetation in arid areas causes fertile land to become infertile

56
Q

salinization (5.10)

A

salt from water used by plants remain in the soil, decreasing a plant’s ability to uptake water and nutrients, creating lower yields and makes soil useless

57
Q

terrace farming (5.10)

A

farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating flat surfaces

58
Q

center-pivot irrigation (5.10)

A

watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilizers, or pesticides to the field

59
Q

draining wetlands (5.10)

A

converted to agriculture or other land use

60
Q

deforestation (5.10)

A

the removal of large tracts of forest

61
Q

slash-and-burn agriculture (5.10)

A

all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place, ashes provide nutrients and land can be farmed for a few years

62
Q

pastoral nomadism (5.10)

A
63
Q

changing diets (5.10)

A
64
Q

role of women in agric. production (5.10)

A

human geography (4 decks)

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