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BIOL 130 > Unit 5 - Intracellular Compartments > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Intracellular Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the origin of mitochondria.

A
  • mitochondria originated as bacteria with an outer and plasma membrane
  • was engulfed by the cell
  • mitochondria becomes a double-membrane organelle
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2
Q

Describe the origin of endomebrane system.

A

Ribosomes caused the plasma membrane of entire cell to invaginate

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways that proteins are into organelles?

A
  1. Nuclear Pores (nucleus)
  2. Across membrane (mitochondria)
  3. Vesicles (ER)
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4
Q

What is a signal sequence?

A
  • section of amino acids on protein
  • indicates protein destination
  • can be transferred between proteins
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5
Q

Describe nuclear pores.

A
  • very selective basket-shaped gate on nuclear envelope (2 membranes)
  • proteins do not unfold to pass
  • large proteins require active transport
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6
Q

Describe nuclear active transport.

A
  • nuclear import receptor binds to protein
  • receport recognizes nuclear localization signal
  • protein moves through basket/pore
  • protein is delivered to nuclear and receptor breaks off
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7
Q

Describe mitochondrial import

A
  • a signal sequence is recognized by import receptor on outer membrane
  • protein moves into membrane and into protein transloactor on inner membrane
  • as protein moves through, it unfolds
  • when protein is fully in matrix, it fold back into shape
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8
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

3

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9
Q

Which organelle is the entry point of proteins in the endomembrane system?

A

ER

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10
Q

Describe translation for ER-bound proteins.

A
  • ER signal sequence hooks onto growing polypeptide chain
  • signal sequence is recognized by SRP on ER membrane
  • particle hooks onto receptor, hooks onto translocation channel
  • protein continues to translate into ER membrane
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11
Q

What are the two types of ER proteins?

A

Soluble and transmembrane

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12
Q

Describe solube proteins

A

A type of ER protein that has one signal sequence and fully translates into ER lumen, could eventually be secreted

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13
Q

Describe integral/transmembrane proteins

A
  • Has multiple signal sequences
  • has a stop transfer sequence where translation stops and a portion of the protein remains outside of the ER
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14
Q

Describe temporary vesicles.

A
  • facilitates movement of material in and out of cells in the endomembrane
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15
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

when a vesicle moves outward toward plasma membrane to be secreted

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16
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

when a secicle moves inward from plasma membrane to cysotol of cell

17
Q

Where do vesicles go outward from ER?

A

Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane or other organelles

18
Q

Where do vesicles go when entering the endomembrane?

A

plasma membrane, endosomes, lysosomes

19
Q

Describe vesicle budding.

A
  • budding forms a vesicle for transport between ER and golgi, golgi and plasma membrane
20
Q

Describe the budding process in clathrin-coated vesicles.

A
  • receptors bind to target molecules on membrane
  • adaptin traps receptor
  • clathrin attatches to adaption and forms a the bud, removing entire structure from membrane
21
Q

Describe vesicle docking.

A
  • Rab and v-snares bind to vesicle
  • Tethering protein binds to Rab and pulls vesicle
  • V-snare binds to T-snare on membrane and twist to fuse with membrane
22
Q

What post-translational processing to proteins occurs in the ER?

A
  • disulfide bonds form
  • glycosylation: sugars are added
  • misfolded proteins are re-folded
23
Q

Describe the ER’s role in fixing misfolded proteins.

A
  • sensors for misfolded proteins are activated with phosphate
  • increased chaperone proteins
  • ER expands to allow more folding capacity
24
Q

Describe the role of disulfide bonds formed in the ER

A

provides stabilility to proteins that will be secreted out of cell to a more hostile environemnt

25
Q

Describe the role of glycolsylation in the ER.

A

sugar groups provide protection and direction to protein

26
Q

Describe processing that occurs in the golgi apparatus

A
  • Modificaiton: peptide chains shortned, glycosylation, removal of CHO groups
  • Protein sorting
27
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi

A

Organized into to compartments: cis, new vesicles and trans, vesicles break away

28
Q

Describe the regulated and consitutive secretion

A
  • Regulated secretion: secretes vesicles with high protein content, needs a signal
  • Constitutive secretion: contantly ongoing, unregulated
29
Q

What are endopathic pathways?

A

When a cell engulfs a molecule and results in a vesicle

30
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of endocystosis

A
  1. Pinocytosis: cell-drinking, non-specific and ongoing
  2. Phagocysotis: cell-eating, eats large particles/other cells
  3. Receptor-Mediated: membrane has receptors for specific molecules
31
Q

What is the fucntion of lyosomes?

A
  • has acidic enzymes to digest
  • converts ATP to ADP, uses energy

BIOL 130 (3 decks)

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