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BIOL 130 > Unit 3 - Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Transcription & Translation Flashcards

1
Q

Overview

Transcription

A

Converts DNA to RNA

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2
Q

Overview

Which strand of DNA is transcribed?

A

template strand

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3
Q

Overview

Which direction does RNA transcribe itself?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

Overview

Which direction does RNA move on the template strand?

A

3’ to 5’

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5
Q

Overview

RNA polymerase

A

Transcribes DNA on the template strand

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6
Q

Overview

mRNA

A

codes for protein

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

RNA Polymerase

A

A large enzyme with several channels

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8
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

Core enzyme

A

synthesizes RNA

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9
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

Sigma Factor

A
  • recognizes promoter on DNA
  • opens DNA helix
  • relaesed after initiating transcription
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9
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

Promoter

A

located on non-template strand found in
-10 or -35 box

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription

How does transcription stop?

A
  • RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on DNA causing a “hairpin loop”
  • polymerase and transcript fall off DNA
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11
Q

Overview

Promoter

A
  • can only read 3’ to 5’ or 5’ to 3’
  • found on either strand
  • strand it is on becomes non-template strand
  • recognized by sigma factor
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12
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

DNA Packing

A
  • creates chromatin (DNA + protein)
    *
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13
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

How many RNA Polymerase do eukaryotes have?

A

3

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14
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

TATA Box

A

Recognized by TATA binding protein (TBP

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15
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

TATA Binding Protein

A

Sub-unit of TF2D, opens DNA Helix for other promoters

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16
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Describe transcription initiation.

A
  1. TATA box is recognized by TBP (TF2D), which opens helix
  2. Other promoters pile on to create an initiation complex
  3. RNA Polymerase II binds to DNA and transcripts (only TF2D remains)
17
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

18
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Describe RNA Polymerase II

A
  • transcribes DNA to RNA
  • has a phosphoryated tail
19
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Describe the process of RNA processing.

A
  • different factors bind to the polymerase tail
  • the factors bind to the RNA as it is transcribed
20
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Which end of the RNA does the cap bind to?

A

5’ (attatches at the start)

21
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Exons

A

Region on mRNA that codes for protein

22
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Intron

A

Region on mRNA that does not code for protein

23
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

What is splicing?

A

Introns are removed based on sequences near ends, can result in different functioned proteins from the same gene

24
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

Spliceosomes

A

Bind to two ends of intron and removes it from strand by forming the intron into a loop, consists of 5 snRNPs

25
Q

Translation

What is translation?

A

mRNA is translated into amino acids/peptide chains (proteins)

26
Q

Translation

Comapre eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation.

A

Eukaryotic translation can only occur after transcription, prokaryotic translation and transcription is synchronous

27
Q

Translation

Genetic Code

A

Relationship between nucleotide sequence (codon) and amino acid, 64 codons, 20 amino acids

28
Q

Translation

Which amino acids only have one codon?

A

MET and TRP

29
Q

Translation

Is genetic code unveirsal?

A

Mostly, certain fungi and mitochondria have different codes

30
Q

Translation

frame-shift mutations

A

When the a base is added/removed and shifts reading frame, leading to different proteins

31
Q

Translation

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA: “adapters” that hold amino acids in place to interact with codons

32
Q

Translation

How does mRNA specify amino acids?

A

tRNA

33
Q

Translation

wobble hypothesis

A

Some tRNAs pair with a codon with the wrong third base

34
Q

Translation

Describe redundancy in base-tRNA pairing.

A

Since multiple codons assosiate with the same amino acid, codons that begin with the same 2 bases can have more than 1 tRNA, ignoring the 3rd base

35
Q

Translation

aminoacid tRNA synthase

A

activates amino acid with ATP and site where amino acid transfers to tRNA

36
Q

Translation

Describe how amino acids attatch to their tRNAs

A
  • tRNA synthase binds amino acid and ATP
  • amino acid is activatied by ATP (AMP)
  • tRNA binds to synthase
  • amino acid is transferred to tRNA and detattches from synthase
37
Q

Translation

Ribosomes

A

catalyze peptide bond formation and match tRNAs to codons

38
Q

Translation

How does translation start?

A
  • translation initiator factor finds 5’ cap
  • initiator tRNA scans mRNA from 5’ to find start codon (AUG)
  • small ribosomal subunits attatches and attracts the large
39
Q

Translation

How does translation stop?

A
  • ribosome hits a stop codon
  • release factor binds to A-site
  • adds water to end amino-acid chain
  • everything falls off mRNA
40
Q

Translation

Is a ribsome an enzyme or ribozyme?

A

ribozyme; most of its acitivty brought on my RNAs

41
Q

Translation

When does the protein fold into its shape?

A

As chain is translated, it starts to fold

BIOL 130 (3 decks)

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