Unit 5 - development indicators Flashcards
What is GDP?
Total value of goods and services produced in a country.
What does GDP Per Capita measure?
Average economic output per person.
Define GNI.
Total income earned by residents of a country.
What is the Gini Coefficient used to measure?
Income distribution within a population.
What does the Employment Rate indicate?
Percentage of the working-age population that is employed.
What does the Inflation Rate represent?
Rate at which prices for goods and services rise.
What is the Poverty Rate?
Percentage of the population living below the poverty line.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
Composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
What does Life Expectancy measure?
Average number of years a person is expected to live.
What is the Literacy Rate?
Percentage of the population that can read and write.
What does Access to Education refer to?
School enrollment rates and average years of schooling.
What is meant by Healthcare Access?
Number of doctors per 1,000 people, and healthcare expenditure.
How is Gender Equality measured?
By indices like the Gender Development Index (GDI) or Gender Inequality Index (GII).
What does Carbon Emissions Per Capita indicate?
Average greenhouse gas emissions by a person.
Define Renewable Energy Usage.
Percentage of energy consumption from renewable sources.
What are Deforestation Rates?
Loss of forest cover over time.
What does Air and Water Quality measure?
Pollution levels and access to clean drinking water.
What is Biodiversity Conservation?
Protection of species and ecosystems.
What does the Population Growth Rate measure?
Rate of increase or decrease in a population.
Define Fertility Rate.
Average number of children born to a woman.
What is the Urbanization Rate?
Percentage of the population living in urban areas.
What is the Dependency Ratio?
Ratio of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population.
What does the Democracy Index measure?
Level of democratic practices in governance.
What is the Corruption Perception Index (CPI)?
Perceived level of corruption in the public sector.
Define Rule of Law.
Measures the extent to which laws are applied fairly.
What was Norway’s GDP per Capita in 2024?
$89,000 (approx.).
What is Norway’s Poverty Rate?
Very low (<1%).
What is the Employment Rate in Norway?
High (72%).
What is the Gini Coefficient for Norway?
0.27 (low inequality).
What are the factors contributing to Norway’s economic success?
- Diversified economy with high income from oil, gas, and advanced industries
- Strong governance and equitable wealth distribution through taxes and social programs
What was Ethiopia’s GDP per Capita in 2024?
$1,100 (approx.).
What is the Poverty Rate in Ethiopia?
High (~24%).
What is the Employment Rate in Ethiopia?
Low formal employment; many depend on subsistence agriculture.
What is the Gini Coefficient for Ethiopia?
0.39 (higher inequality).
What are the factors contributing to Ethiopia’s economic challenges?
- Heavy reliance on agriculture, vulnerable to climate change
- Limited industrialization and poor infrastructure hinder growth
- Historical conflicts and lack of access to capital for development
What is Norway’s Life Expectancy?
83 years.
What is the Literacy Rate in Norway?
100%.
What healthcare system does Norway have?
Universal healthcare system.
What are the factors influencing Norway’s social indicators?
- Wealth enables investment in public services
- High tax revenues fund robust education and healthcare systems
- Low population density facilitates efficient service delivery
What is Ethiopia’s Life Expectancy?
66 years.
What is the Literacy Rate in Ethiopia?
52% (especially low for women).
What are the healthcare access challenges in Ethiopia?
Limited, with only 1 doctor per 10,000 people.
What are the factors influencing Ethiopia’s social indicators?
- Insufficient funding for public services due to low GDP
- Cultural barriers and gender inequality affect literacy rates
- Poor infrastructure limits healthcare access in rural areas
What is Norway’s Carbon Emissions per Capita?
7.6 tons (transitioning to renewables).
What is the Renewable Energy Usage in Norway?
98% (primarily hydropower).
What is the Air and Water Quality in Norway?
Excellent.
What are the factors influencing Norway’s environmental indicators?
- Abundant natural resources like hydroelectricity
- Strict environmental policies and investment in green technology
What is Ethiopia’s Carbon Emissions per Capita?
0.1 tons.
What is the Renewable Energy Usage in Ethiopia?
92% (mainly biomass, but limited modern renewables).
What is the Air and Water Quality in Ethiopia?
Poor, especially in urban areas.
What are the factors influencing Ethiopia’s environmental indicators?
- Heavy reliance on traditional biomass for cooking and heating
- Limited infrastructure for clean water and sanitation
- Deforestation and overgrazing exacerbate land degradation
What is Norway’s Population Growth Rate?
0.7% (slow growth).
What is Norway’s Fertility Rate?
1.5 children per woman (below replacement level).
What is the Urbanization Rate in Norway?
83%.
What are the factors influencing Norway’s demographic indicators?
- Advanced healthcare reduces mortality
- High education levels and career opportunities lead to lower fertility rates
What is Ethiopia’s Population Growth Rate?
2.6% (high growth).
What is Ethiopia’s Fertility Rate?
4.3 children per woman.
What is the Urbanization Rate in Ethiopia?
22% (predominantly rural).
What are the factors influencing Ethiopia’s demographic indicators?
- Lack of access to contraception and education for women
- High child mortality drives higher birth rates
- Rural economy relies on large families for agricultural labor
What is the Democracy Index for Norway?
High (fully democratic).
What is the Corruption Perception Index for Norway?
Low corruption (ranked among the least corrupt).
What is the Rule of Law in Norway?
Strong institutions ensure transparency and fairness.
What are the factors influencing Norway’s political indicators?
- Stable political system with accountable governance
- Public trust in institutions and active civil society participation
What is the Democracy Index for Ethiopia?
Low (authoritarian tendencies).
What is the Corruption Perception Index for Ethiopia?
High corruption.
What is the Rule of Law in Ethiopia?
Weak judicial system.
What are the factors influencing Ethiopia’s political indicators?
- Political instability and ethnic conflicts
- Historical colonial legacies and external debt challenges hinder governance
- Limited political freedoms and transparency
What historical context contributed to disparities between Norway and Ethiopia?
Norway industrialized early, benefiting from technological revolutions, whereas Ethiopia faced colonization, conflict, and late industrialization.
How does economic structure contribute to disparities?
Norway has a diversified, high-income economy. Ethiopia relies heavily on agriculture and lacks industrial output.
What role does government investment play in development disparities?
Norway allocates substantial resources to education, healthcare, and infrastructure. Ethiopia struggles with low tax revenues and foreign debt.
How do geography and resources affect development?
Norway’s natural resources, including oil and hydropower, boosted wealth. Ethiopia faces challenges like drought and land degradation.
What is the difference in global integration between Norway and Ethiopia?
Norway has strong trade ties and technological access. Ethiopia has limited access to global markets.
What was the time frame for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
2000–2015.
How many goals were included in the MDGs?
8.
What was the primary focus of the MDGs?
Poverty and basic human development.
What was one limitation of the MDGs?
Overlooked critical areas like inequality, climate change, and infrastructure.
What was the time frame for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
2015–2030.
How many goals are included in the SDGs?
17.
What is the primary focus of the SDGs?
Holistic and sustainable development.
What is one strength of the SDGs?
Focus on sustainability, addressing environmental issues like climate change.
What are the key differences between SDGs and MDGs?
- MDGs: 8 goals, focused on developing countries
- SDGs: 17 goals, universal, includes sustainability and inequality
Why did the transition from MDGs to SDGs occur?
- Broader challenges not addressed by MDGs
- Universal application needed for global responsibilities
- Interconnectedness of issues necessitated a comprehensive framework
- Focus on sustainability for long-term solutions
What are some economic challenges developing countries face?
- Low income and poverty
- Unemployment and underemployment
- Dependence on primary commodities
- Debt burden
- Lack of infrastructure
What are some social challenges developing countries face?
- Education deficits
- Healthcare challenges
- Rapid population growth
What are some political and governance challenges developing countries face?
- Corruption
- Weak institutions
- Political instability
What are some environmental challenges developing countries face?
- Climate change vulnerability
- Deforestation and biodiversity loss
- Water and sanitation issues
What are some technological and innovation challenges developing countries face?
- Digital divide
- Low Research and Development (R&D)
What are some global economic challenges developing countries face?
- Trade barriers
- Unequal globalization
What are some socio-cultural challenges developing countries face?
- Gender inequality
- Cultural barriers
What are some urbanization challenges developing countries face?
- Slum development
- Traffic congestion and pollution
How can economic challenges in developing countries be addressed?
Promote industrialization and reduce reliance on primary commodities.
How can governance issues in developing countries be improved?
Combat corruption and strengthen institutions.
What is a key approach to addressing education challenges?
Focus on accessible, quality education and vocational training.
What is a strategy for climate adaptation in developing countries?
Implement sustainable practices and invest in renewable energy.
How can technology access be expanded in developing countries?
Expand internet penetration and support innovation.
What is necessary for global cooperation in development?
Ensure fair trade agreements and financial aid tailored to development goals.
Why is intervention often required in development?
To address systemic issues and accelerate progress.
What is the poverty trap?
A cycle where low incomes prevent investment in education, health, and infrastructure.
What role do markets play in providing public goods?
Markets alone may not provide essential services like healthcare and education.
What is a common challenge of development intervention?
Dependency on external aid.
What is an example of effective intervention in South Korea?
Government-led industrial policies and education reforms transformed the nation.
What is a challenge of intervention related to cultural alignment?
Interventions not tailored to local contexts can face resistance or fail.
Can development occur without intervention?
Yes, in cases of organic growth through trade and entrepreneurship.
What are the challenges of intervention?
Challenges of intervention include:
* Dependency
* Corruption and Mismanagement
* Cultural Misalignment
* Inefficiency
Dependency refers to the reliance on long-term external aid, which can diminish local initiative.
Does development always need intervention?
No, in some cases, nations experience organic growth without external aid through:
* Trade
* Entrepreneurship
* Natural resource exploitation
An example of organic growth is China’s export-led growth.
What is a balanced approach to development?
A balanced approach requires a mix of:
* Top-down interventions (government or international aid)
* Bottom-up approaches (local community involvement, private sector innovation)
The nature of intervention should depend on the context.
What are market-based policies?
Market-based policies rely on free-market mechanisms to drive development. They emphasize minimal government interference and encourage:
* Private sector participation
* Competition
These policies focus on efficiency and resource allocation through supply and demand.
What are key features of market-based policies?
Key features include:
* Focus on efficiency and resource allocation
* Encourage private investment and innovation
* Promote trade liberalization
These features aim to integrate economies into the global market.
What is privatization in the context of market-based policies?
Privatization involves transferring state-owned enterprises to private ownership to increase efficiency.
An example is telecom privatization in India.
What is trade liberalization?
Trade liberalization refers to reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers to encourage exports and foreign direct investment (FDI).
Vietnam’s export-driven growth is an example of trade liberalization.
What are the strengths of market-based policies?
Strengths include:
* Encouragement of innovation and productivity
* Attraction of foreign investment
* Facilitation of integration into global supply chains
These strengths help to foster economic growth.
What are the limitations of market-based policies?
Limitations include:
* Exacerbation of inequalities
* Neglect of public goods
* Vulnerability to market failures
Public goods include healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
What are interventionist policies?
Interventionist policies involve active government participation to:
* Address market failures
* Reduce inequalities
* Ensure equitable growth
These policies aim to create a more balanced economic landscape.
What are key features of interventionist policies?
Key features include:
* Prioritization of redistribution
* Focus on long-term infrastructure and human capital development
* Use of regulations and subsidies
These features aim to guide the market toward equitable outcomes.
What are examples of interventionist policies?
Examples include:
* Subsidies for renewable energy
* State-led industrial policies
* Universal healthcare and education
* Environmental regulations
* Progressive taxation and welfare programs
Brazil’s Bolsa Família is an example of a welfare program targeting poverty alleviation.
Through Brazil’s Bolsa Familia program, qualifying families receive a small monthly cash transfer — distributed directly to the female head of household — in exchange for keeping children in school and taking them to regular health checks.
What are the strengths of interventionist policies?
Strengths include:
* Addressing inequalities
* Ensuring basic needs are met
* Mitigating market failures
* Fostering long-term growth
These strengths contribute to a more equitable society.
What are the limitations of interventionist policies?
Limitations include:
* Risk of inefficiency and corruption
* Possible discouragement of private sector participation
* Need for significant fiscal resources
Overregulation may deter business initiatives.
Why are both market-based and interventionist policies necessary for development?
Both are necessary because:
* Market-Based Policies drive innovation and efficiency
* Interventionist Policies ensure equity and provide safety nets
This combination aims to create a balanced and sustainable economic environment.
What is an example of a successful blend of market-based and interventionist policies?
Examples include:
* China’s market-based reforms with government control
* Scandinavian countries’ combination of free-market principles and welfare systems
* India’s mixed economy approach
Each of these examples illustrates effective policy integration.
Indias maket based policies
📌 Market-Based Policy - India
A strategy that uses economic incentives to encourage businesses and individuals to act in socially beneficial ways.
Key Features
✅ Price Signals: Encourages sustainable choices through taxes, subsidies, or tradeable permits.
✅ Flexibility: Allows businesses to choose cost-effective solutions.
✅ Efficiency: Reduces government intervention while promoting competition.
Examples in India
1️⃣ Carbon Trading: India’s push for an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) to reduce industrial pollution.
2️⃣ Renewable Energy Subsidies: Incentives for solar & wind energy adoption.
3️⃣ Ethanol Blending Program: Encourages biofuels to reduce dependence on oil imports.
Why It’s Beneficial for India?
🇮🇳 Boosts Economic Growth – Encourages innovation & private-sector efficiency.
🌱 Promotes Sustainability – Reduces pollution while maintaining industrial productivity.
💰 Attracts Investment – Green financing & foreign investment in clean tech.
🚜 Supports Farmers – Carbon credits & sustainable agriculture incentives.
