Unit 5: Comparative Systems

Question 1

Physical digestion

Answer 1

Digestion (breaking down) food physically, like chewing and action in a gizzard

Question 2

Chemical Digestion

Answer 2

Breaking down food chemically, with enzymes and acids. Can occur in a stomach or vaculuole in a single celled organism.

Question 3

Indirect respiratory systems

Answer 3

Diffusion at the cellular level across the cell membranes

Diffusion across the skin
Have blood vessels to absorb the oxygen and carry it to the cells and deliver carbon dioxide back to the skin

Example: Worm

Question 4

Protein

Answer 4

Needed to build and repair tissue. Turns into an amino acid when found at its smallest form.

Question 5

Fat

Answer 5

Needed to build and maintain cell membranes, maintain body tempurature. Breaks down into a glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chains.

Question 6

Enzyme substrate complex

Answer 6

Once the enzyme and the substrate are attached, they are called the enxyme substrate complex. The enzyme works to dismantle the substrate into smaller molecules which are then released from the enzyme.

Question 7

Substrate

Answer 7

Reactant to an enzyme. Has an active site for an enzyme to attach to.

Question 8

Induced fit model

Answer 8

An enzyme modifies itself to its substrate to fit better.

Question 9

Enzyme

Answer 9

biological catalysts which are manufactured in the ribosomes of the cell. Enzymes are protein molecules that have the ability to speed up the chemical reactions that occur in the body. It is important that these reactions are sped up, otherwise they would proceed too slowly for cells to remain alive. Enzymes remain unchanged when they are used.

Question 10

Phagocytosis

Answer 10

A cingle celled organism, like an amoeba, extends pseudopods to surround the food. A vacuole forms inside the cell by the meeting of the cell membrane. A vacuole fuses with lysosomes in the cell, containing enzymes that break down the food. Vacuole moves to the cell’s edge and gets disposed of.

Question 11

Bag digestion

Answer 11

Have a bag digestion system with a single opening to let food in and expel waste
The pouch, called the gastrovascular cavity, encloses part of the external environment.
digestive enzymes are released into the cavity.
The smaller food molecules are engulfed by cells that line the cavity
Digestion continues within the cytoplasm of the cells

Question 12

Respiration

Question 13

Crop

Answer 13

Stores food in chrodates like birds.

Question 14

Gizzard

Answer 14

Mechanically grids food in chrodates like birds.

Question 15

Tube Digestion

Answer 15

A digestive system with two openings, one for ingestion and one for excretion.

Question 16

Concentration Gradient

Answer 16

The driving force of diffusion. Occurs when one side of a substance is more concentrated than another, over a permiable membrane.

Question 17

Gas Exchange

Answer 17

The process of letting oxygen into the body and have it create energy.

Oxygen + Monosaccharide —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP or 6 O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Question 18

Double Circulatory Path

Question 19

Cellular respiration

Answer 19

Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. Takes oxygen and turns it into CO2. The body has to expel CO2 before there is too much in the body.

Question 20

Flow Through system

Answer 20

e.g. Fish gills
When the fish opens its mouth water is taken in.
Closing of the mouth triggers muscles of the pharynx to pump the water to the gills.
The bony gill cover, called the operculum, opens to allow the water to exit.
The gills are many layers of filaments over and between which the water is forced.
Each filament has a blood supply to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Question 21

In and Out System

Answer 21

Terrestrial - lungs
e.g Bird
Use lungs and air sacs to help provide the tremendous amount of oxygen needed for flight
Air sacs extend off the lungs
Air moves into the air sacs during inhalation then is transferred to the lungs during exhalation
Allows lungs to be filled to great volumes

Question 22

Direct Respiratory systems

Question 23

Carbohydrates

Answer 23

Provide sugars for cellular respiration and production of energy. Break down into monosaccarides like glucose, fructose, and galactose (all C6H12O6)

Question 24

Fluid (blood)

Answer 24

Blood is the fluid that circulated throughout the body. It consists of four (4) components.
Red blood cells: These carry oxygen throughout the body.
White blood cells: These are the infection-fighting cells of the body.
Platelets: These are cell fragments that are responsible for initiating the clotting process.
Plasma: This is the liquid part of the blood which transports the various cells. Primarily water.

Question 25

Arteries

Answer 25

These are thick walled, muscular tubes that carry blood away from the heart.

Question 26

Veins

Answer 26

These are less muscular and larger in diameter than arteries. They carry blood toward the heart. They have valves to help move blood.

Question 27

Pump

Answer 27

Muscular contractions provide the force that moves the blood through the tubes.

This action may be achieved by contracting and relaxing body muscle to squeeze the fluid through the tubes or it may be achieved by a specialized organ through which the fluid moves.

The organ, often referred to as the heart, consists of a number of chambers; the atria and the ventricles which contract and relax forcing the fluid to move through the body with varying amounts of pressure.

The atria collect blood from the body and pass it into the ventricles. The ventricles pump the blood to the body cells.
The blood from the body is low in oxygen (deoxygenated) and is pumped to the gas exchange surface.
The blood from the lungs is high in oxygen (oxygenated) and is pumped back to the to the body cells.

Question 28

Open circulatory system

Answer 28

The blood is dumped into the body cavity from the end of the arteries. The fluids eventually flow into the veins as the pressure increases in the body cavity.

Examples molluscs, arthropods (spiders and insects)

Question 29

Closed circulatory system

Answer 29

All of the blood vessels are connected, keeping the fluid inside the tubes

Question 30

Single Circulatory path

Answer 30

This involves a simple pump.
aortic arches which are enlarged vessels with additional muscle
Ex. Worms, insects

ii) A two chambered heart which has one atrium and one ventricle.

Example: fish

Question 31

Double circulation - four chambered heart

Answer 31

Double circulation - four chambered heart
The oxygenated blood in the left atrium is pumped into the left ventricle then out to the body.
The deoxygenated blood in the right atrium pumps into the right ventricle then out to the lungs.
The two sides of the heart are completely separate. There is no mixing of the blood.

Example: Human

Question 32

Respiration

Answer 32

The process of ingesting air for the oxygen and breathing out CO2

Question 33

Oxygenated

Answer 33

Oxygenated blood has been to the lungs and recieved oxygen through diffusion. It carries this oxygen through the blood vessels throughout the body.

Question 34

Deoxygenated

Answer 34

Deoxygenated blood has given its oxygen to the body via cellular respiration. It has to return to the heart and then the lungs to get reoxygneated.

Question 35

Atria

Answer 35

Pumps blood from either the body or the lungs to the other correspodning ventricle.

Question 36

Ventricle

Answer 36

Pumps blood from cooresponding atria to either the lungs or the body.

Question 37

Diffusion

Answer 37

Important in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. a passive movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. The driving force for diffusion is the concentration gradient; the difference in the amount of particles on either side of a membrane such as the cell membrane.

Question 38

Three chambered heart

Answer 38

double circulation - three chambered heart
The blood goes through the pump twice:
To the body is called the systemic circulation
To the gas exchange surface is called the pulmonary circulation

Oxygen rich blood from the lungs goes to the left atrium. Oxygen poor blood from the body goes into the right atrium. Both atria empty into one common ventricle. There is a mixing of the blood.

     		 Example:  Frogs (amphibians), reptiles

Question 39

Capillaries

Answer 39

These are tiny blood vessels with very thin walls. Red blood cells must move through these tubes one at a time. This allows substances to diffuse between the blood and other fluids and tissues. Every part of the body is supplied with blood by a network of capillaries.