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BTEC Science > Unit 5 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What does neutralisation mean?

A

A reaction between an acid and a base which produces a neutral solution

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2
Q

What are the products if you do acid + base?

A

Salt + water

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3
Q

What is the formula for Hydrochloric Acid?

A

HCl

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4
Q

Formula for Sulphuric Acid?

A

H₂SO₄

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5
Q

Formula for Nitric Acid?

A

HNO₃

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6
Q

Formula for Sodium Hydroxide?

A

NaOH

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7
Q

Formula for Potassium Hydroxide?

A

KOH

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8
Q

Formula for Calcium Hydroxide?

A

Ca(OH)₂

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9
Q

What products are made from Potassium hydroxide + Nitric acid (word equation)

A

Potassium Nitrate + Water

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10
Q

Which ion is present in all acids?

A

H⁺

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11
Q

Which ion is present in all alkalis?

A

(OH⁻)

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12
Q

What is the difference between an alkali and a base?

A

A base is a something that react with an acid to form water and a salt. An alkali is any base that is soluble in water

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13
Q

How many numbers on the pH scale?

A

14

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14
Q

What are the alkali pH levels?

A

8-14

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15
Q

What are the acid pH levels?

A

6-0

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16
Q

What pH level is neutral?

A

7

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17
Q

What is an ion?

A

Charged atom or charged group of atoms

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18
Q

What is the generic word equation for reacting a metal and an acid?

A

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
(You can remember it by MASH)

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19
Q

What’s the formula of hydrogen gas?

A

H₂ (Diatomic molecule)

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20
Q

What is the general word equation for reacting a metal carbonate and an acid?

A

Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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21
Q

Describe what happens when metals bond (in terms of ions)

A

When metals bond, they lose outer shell electrons to leave a full electron shell. This produces a charge atom with a positive charge.

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22
Q

Describe what happens when nonmetals bond with a metal (in terms of ions)

A

When nonmetals bond with a metal they gain electrons to achieve a full electron shell. This produces a charge atom with a negative charge.

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23
Q

A calcium atom has 20 electrons and an oxygen atom has 8 electrons. Use the electronic structures of Ca and O to explain why calcium oxide has the formula CaO.

A

Because Calcium gives 2 electrons to Oxygen which creates a positive Calcium ion and a negative Oxygen ion. Being negative and positive, they cancel each other out, so it’s just CaO.

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24
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

It means it is a compound made up of a positive metal ion and a negative non-metal ion

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25
Q

What is an acid? (Not talking about pH values)

A

A compound containing hydrogen that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions.

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26
Q

What is a base? (Not talking about pH values)

A

A compound that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water.

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27
Q

What is alumina?

A

An alternative name for aluminium oxide

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28
Q

What is the chemical formula for alumina?

A

Al₂O₃

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29
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

It can act as both an acid and a base

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30
Q

What forms when alumina reacts with acids?

A

Salt + Water

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31
Q

What does chemically inert mean?

A

Not chemically reactive

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32
Q

Is alumina chemically inert?

A

Yes

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33
Q

When does alumina react with an acid?

A

If it is hot because the heat energy helps cause the chemical reaction

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34
Q

What are examples of things that sodium hydroxide is found in?

A

Soap, plastic, and oven cleaner

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35
Q

What are examples of things that alumina can be found in?

A

Glass, sunscreen, and paint

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36
Q

What is an alternative name for calcium hydroxide?

A

Lime

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37
Q

What is calcium hydroxide used for?

A

It can be used to neutralise acidic soils or to neutralise acidic factory waste

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38
Q

What happens to the electrons in an ionic compound?

A

The atom that gains the electrons becomes a negatively charged anion, the atom that loses the electrons becomes a positively charged cation

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39
Q

What properties do ionic compounds have?

A

High boiling/melting point, hard/brittle, good insulators, conduct electricity when dissolved or melted

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40
Q

What creates electricity?

A

Current

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41
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positively charged ion which is attracted to the negative cathode during electrolysis

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42
Q

Is the anode positive or negative in electrolysis?

A

Positive

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43
Q

Is the cathode positive or negative in electrolysis?

A

Negative

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44
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Using electricity to split ionic compounds

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45
Q

What happens at the positive anode?

A

Oxidation

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46
Q

What is oxidation in electrolysis?

A

Loss of electrons

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47
Q

What is reduction in electrolysis?

A

Gain of electrons

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48
Q

What two things can be done to an ionic compound to allow electrolysis to occur?

A

Either melt it or dissolve it

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49
Q

Why must ionic compounds be melted/dissolved to allow electrolysis?

A

Ions are free to move so substance conducts an electrical current

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50
Q

What is the name of the positive, and negative electrode?

A

Positive Anode, Negative Cathode

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51
Q

Why can’t ionic compounds conduct electricity as solids?

A

Ions aren’t free to move if they’re in an ionic lattice

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52
Q

What is an electrolytes?

A

A molten or dissolved ionic compound

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53
Q

Why does melting or dissolving a solid ionic compound turn it into an electrolyte?

A

The ionic lattice is broken down which allows the ions to move freely

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54
Q

In electrolysis, what do we do to the ionic compound the first stage?

A

Melt it or dissolve it in water

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55
Q

What are the uses of electrolysis?

A

Making chlorine gas, making hydrogen gas, extracting metals, and making soaps

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56
Q

What are anions?

A

Negative ions

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57
Q

What are cations attracted to?

A

Negative electrode (cathode) which is why they move to the cathode where they are discharged

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58
Q

What are anions attracted to?

A

Anions are attracted to the anode which is why they move to the anode where they are discharged

59
Q

Where does oxidation happen?

A

Anode (positive electrode)

60
Q

What happens at the cathode?

A

Reduction

61
Q

What is the positive electrode called?

A

Anode

62
Q

What is the negative electrode called?

A

Cathode

63
Q

In the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, what is the product at the anode?

A

Bromine is the product at the anode.

64
Q

In the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, what is the product at the cathode?

A

Lead is the product at the cathode.

65
Q

In the electrolysis of a solution, which ions from water are attracted to the anode?

A

Hydroxide ions from the water are attracted to the anode.

66
Q

In the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, what is the product at the cathode?

A

Hydrogen

67
Q

What are the two types of discharge?

A

Oxidation and reduction

68
Q

Which ions need to be reduced to discharge them?

A

Cations

69
Q

Which ions need to be oxidised to discharge them?

A

Anions

70
Q

What does the word “Aqueous” mean?

A

When a substance is dissolved in water to form a solution

71
Q

What might be an advantage of aqueous electrolysis instead of molten?

A

It uses less energy (as no melting is required) however you might get different products

72
Q

Why are transition metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

A

Because they are metals

73
Q

Why are Scandium and Zinc not transition elements?

A

Their ions don’t form partially filled d-subshells

74
Q

What is a transition element?

A

One that forms at least one stable ion with a partially filled d-subshell of electrons.

75
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

Metal ion surrounded by co-ordinately bonded ligands

76
Q

What is a co-ordinate bond?

A

A covalent bond in which both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom

77
Q

What is co-ordination number?

A

The number of coordinate bonds to ligands that surround a transition metal ion

78
Q

What is a ligand?

A

An ion or molecule that forms a coordinate bond with a transition metal

79
Q

What is a Monodentate?

A

Ligand that can only form one coordinate bond

80
Q

What is a bidentate?

A

Ligand that can form two coordinate bonds

81
Q

What is a multidentate?

A

Ligands that can form more than one coordinate bond

82
Q

Is a co-ordinate bond a type of metallic, ionic, or covalent bond?

A

Covalent bond

83
Q

What are half equations used for?

A

To show whether or not the electrons went through oxidation or reduction

84
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons in electrolysis

85
Q

At which electrode does reduction always take place?

A

Cathode

86
Q

At which electrode does oxidation always take place?

A

Anode

87
Q

What is the equation for heat?

A

Q = mc△t
(Heat = mass x specific heat x temperature change)

88
Q

What does the ‘Q’ stand for in heat equation?

A

Heat

89
Q

What does the ‘m’ stand for in heat equation?

A

Mass of water

90
Q

What does the ‘△t’ stand for in the heat equation?

A

Change in temperature

91
Q

How is aluminium ore taken from the ground?

A

Open cast mining

92
Q

What is the name of the main ore in aluminium?

A

Bauxite

93
Q

What is the definition of an ore?

A

A rock that contains enough metal for it to be economical to extract

94
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy

95
Q

What happens to the catalyst at the end of the reaction?

A

Nothing, catalysts are unchanged at the end of the reaction

96
Q

What is a homogenous catalyst?

A

When the catalyst is in the same state as the reactants

97
Q

What is a liquid catalyst and liquid reactants an example of?

A

Homogenous catalyst

98
Q

Give an example of a homogenous catalyst

A

Enzymes in our saliva or blood

99
Q

What is a heterogenous catalyst?

A

When the catalyst is a different state from the reactants

100
Q

What is a solid catalyst and liquid reactants an example of?

A

Heterogenous catalyst

101
Q

What is an example of a heterogenous catalyst?

A

Iron in the Haber process

102
Q

How do catalysts lower energy demands?

A

Reduce costs and helps the environment

103
Q

What is redox?

A

When a transition metal ion acts a catalyst it changes oxidation state

104
Q

What is an example of redox?

A

The Contact Process

105
Q

What is catalyst efficiency?

A

The efficiency with which an enzyme converts a given substrate to a given product

106
Q

What method do you use to react titanium?

A

The Kroll Method

107
Q

Why is extracting titanium expensive?

A

The Kroll method needs to have Chlorine and Carbon heated to 1000℃ which requires a lot of energy.

The product of Mg / Cl₂ by electrolysis needs lots of energy.

The machine must be shut down and cooled before you remove titanium for purification.

Titanium needs purification steps.

Argon atmosphere required

108
Q

How long does it take to extract Titanium?

A

Up to 6 months

109
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

110
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon is one in which all of the carbon atoms are connected by a single bond

111
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that has at least one double bond, triple bond, or ring in its carbon chain

112
Q

What is empirical formula definition?

A

The empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound

113
Q

What is the molecular formula definition?

A

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

114
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

A displayed formula of a compound shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule as well as the bonds

115
Q

What is structural formula?

A

Structural formula of a compound shows how atoms are arranged in a molecule and which functional groups are present

116
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

Skeletal form of a compound shows the bonds between carbon atoms, but not the atoms themselves. Hydrogen atoms are also ommitted but the other atoms are shown

117
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms responsible for the typical chemical reactions of a molecule

118
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of molecules with the same functional group but a different number of -CH₂ groups

119
Q

What does fission mean?

A

Breaking of bonds

120
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Covalent bond breaks and one electron goes to each atom involved in the bond. This forms radicals (highly reactive and neutral)

121
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

Covalent bond between two chemical species is broken in an unequal manner, resulting in the bond pair of electrons being retained by one of the chemical species

122
Q

What are monomers?

A

Monomers are simple molecules that are joined together to form polymers

123
Q

What is the most widely used plastic?

A

Polyethene

124
Q

What is polyethene used for?

A

Carrier bags, bin liners, making films in packaging

125
Q

What does Ra· mean?

A

A variety of radicals

126
Q

The overlap of orbitals in alkenes results in the formation of two types of bonds. Name these two types of bonds

A

Sigma and pi

127
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor

128
Q

What is an example of an electrophile?

A

HBr

129
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

The heat content of a system

130
Q

How can we measure enthalpy?

A

We cannot measure enthalpy directly, but we can measure enthalpy changes (▵H)

131
Q

How do you create energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can transfer from one place to another

132
Q

What is the formula for calculating enthalpy change?

A

△H = △U +p△V

(Enthalpy Change = Internal Energy Change + (Pressure x Change in volume)

133
Q

What is the symbol for standard enthalpy change?

A

△Hθ

134
Q

What is the unit of enthalpy change?

A

kJ mol⁻¹

135
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

When energy is taken in from the surroundings, this is called an endothermic reaction and the temperature of the surroundings decreases.

136
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Reaction that releases energy from chemicals to its surroundings

137
Q

What are the steps of electrolysis?

A
  • Using direct electrical currents, the ionic compounds are split up into their positive and negative ions.
  • Current passes through to move the electrolyte.
  • Positive ions move to the Cathode and negative ions move to the Anode.
  • Positive ions are reduced at the Cathode as they gain electrons. Negative ions will be oxidised at the anode, as they lose electrons.
  • A flow of charge is created by the movement of ions through the electrolyte. Once the ions gain or lose electrons they become uncharged and are then discharged from the electrolyte
138
Q

What are positive metal ions called?

A

Cations

139
Q

What are cations always attracted to?

A

The cathode

140
Q

What does a curly arrow within a molecule show?

A

The breaking of a bond

141
Q

Is bond making an exothermic or endothermic process?

A

Exothermic

142
Q

Is bond breaking an endothermic or exothermic process?

A

Endothermic

143
Q
A

BTEC Science (3 decks)

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