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BTEC Science > Unit 5 - Biology > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do veins close?

A

Veins close to prevent back flow of blood

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2
Q

Do arteries have vales?

A

No

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3
Q

Do veins have a folded endothelium?

A

No, veins are flat

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4
Q

Which types of vessels have a smooth endothelium?

A

Arteries and veins

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5
Q

What is the role of arteries?

A

Arteries transport blood away from the heart at a high pressure

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6
Q

What is the role of veins?

A

Veins transport blood from the body’s tissues back to the heart

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7
Q

Why do arteries need to have thick elastic layer?

A

Arteries are under high pressure so the elastic layer is there to help maintain this high pressure

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8
Q

What are elastic fibres made of?

A

They are composed of elastin

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9
Q

What do elastic fibres do?

A

They can stretch and recoil to give flexibility

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10
Q

What does smooth muscle do?

A

Contracts and relaxes, which changes the size of the lumen

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11
Q

What does collagen do?

A

Gives structural support to maintain shape and volume of the blood vessel

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12
Q

Which type of blood vessel has the highest pressure?

A

Artery

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13
Q

Which type of blood vessel has valves?

A

Veins

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14
Q

What are the smaller branches of veins that feed into the capillaries?

A

Venules

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15
Q

Which arteries do not carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery and the umbilical artery

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16
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood FROM the heart to the lungs

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17
Q

What does the umbilical artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta

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18
Q

Why do arteries need a folded endothelium?

A

Folded endothelium allows the lumen to expand under high blood pressure

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19
Q

Why does the endothelium of arteries and veins need to be smooth?

A

Reduces the friction for the red blood cells that are travelling through them

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20
Q

Where does the gas exchange happen for CO2 and Oxygen?

A

Capillaries

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21
Q

Where does the body have the most veins?

A

In the legs

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22
Q

Explain how veins carry blood against gravity even though they have no pulse of their own

A

The valves in veins squeeze the blood in a one way direction because the valves are opening and closing

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23
Q

Why do veins need to have thin walls?

A

To reduce the blood pressure

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24
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Link arteries to veins and they let oxygen out of blood as well as letting carbon dioxide into blood

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25
Q

How thick are capillary walls?

A

One cell thick

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26
Q

Why do capillary walls need to be so thin?

A

So the gaps in the cells allow substances through

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27
Q

Why does the body need so many capillaries?

A

So there is more place for gas exchange which gives faster diffusion

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28
Q

Why do capillaries need a large total-cross sectional area?

A

Slows blood to allow time for O2 and CO2 gas exchange

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29
Q

Why do capillaries have gaps between cells?

A

Allow for gases, water, sugar, and glucose, and hormones to pass through

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30
Q

What type of valve is the pulmonary valve?

A

Semilunar valve

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31
Q

What type of valve is the aortic valve?

A

Semilunar valve

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32
Q

What type of valve is the bicuspid valve?

A

Atrioventricular valve

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33
Q

What type of valve is the tricuspid valve?

A

Atrioventricular valve

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34
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

Provides the main blood supply to the heart

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35
Q

What blood comes out of the right side of the heart and goes to the lungs?

A

Deoxygenated

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36
Q

What blood come from the left side and goes to the body?

A

Oxygenated

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37
Q

Why do the left ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the right ventricles?

A

Because the left ventricle has to pump blood into vessels, this requires a bigger force

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38
Q

Why does the atria have much thinner muscular walls than ventricles?

A

Atria only pumps blood to ventricles next to them. Ventricles pump blood to distant organs and tissues so they need more support from the muscle walls

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39
Q

Why are atrioventricular valves important in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles. This allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles, but prevent flow in the opposite direction

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40
Q

Why would having a hole in the septum cause dizziness and could be fatal?

A

The septum stops oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from mixing. If they mix, the body and brain won’t receive enough oxygen

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41
Q

What does the systolic number mean in a blood pressure test?

A

Measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats

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42
Q

What does the diastolic number mean in a blood pressure test?

A

Measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats

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43
Q

What are normal blood pressure values?

A

120/80 or less is considered normal BP for an adult

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44
Q

What would be considered a high blood pressure reading?

A

140/90 or above

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45
Q

What would be considered a low blood pressure reading?

A

Below 90/60

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46
Q

What happens if your blood pressure is too high?

A

High blood pressure can make your arteries less elastic which can decrease the flow of blood and oxygen going through your heart

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47
Q

What happens if the coronary artery becomes blocked?

A

The narrowing of the artery will decrease the blood flow which there will be a decrease Oxygen, respiration, and ATP which will cause a heart attack

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48
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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49
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Total volume of blood pumped by ventricles during one contraction of the heart

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50
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of beats per minute

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51
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood that the heart pumps each minute

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52
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

If you have bradycardia then the heart will beat less than 60 times per minute.

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53
Q

What are the blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O

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54
Q

Which is the most common blood group?

A

O

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55
Q

Why is O the most common blood group?

A

It’s more highly expressed in the gene pool. A and B are mutations only seen in the past 20,000 years and haven’t spread through the population yet

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56
Q

What is the universal blood donor?

A

O-

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57
Q

How is a baby’s blood type determined?

A

A child receives one of the three alleles from each parent, giving rise four possible blood types

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58
Q

Describe the circulation of blood through the heart

A

Blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein, which takes oxygenated blood FROM the lungs. It’s pushed into the left ventricle, which contracts to push blood through the aorta under high pressure. Oxygenated blood travels from the aorta to the rest of the body, providing it with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood arrive at the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava, entering the right atrium. It is pushed into the right ventricle, which contracts to push blood through the pulmonary artery. Deoxygenated blood travels from the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it picks up more oxygen

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59
Q

What is the liquid part of blood?

A

Plasma

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60
Q

How much of the blood is plasma?

A

Approximately 55%

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61
Q

What shape is a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave

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62
Q

What component of blood is the largest?

A

White blood cell

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63
Q

What component of blood is the smallest?

A

Platelets

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64
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Water, CO₂,

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65
Q

How do they identify the different blood groups?

A

By the different antigens

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66
Q

How do we recognise if someone is in the O blood group?

A

O doesn’t have any antigens

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67
Q

Why does O blood group not have antigens?

A

Antibodies cannot attach to O group

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68
Q

What is the Rhesus protein?

A

The Rh protein is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell

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69
Q

What does the negative and positive sign next to blood groups symbolise?

A

Whether or not they have the Rh protein in their blood or not

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70
Q

What happens if the antibodies and antigens are the same shape?

A

The person would get an agglutination which would cause blood clots and could be fatal

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71
Q

Does O blood have antibodies?

A

Yes but they don’t have antigens

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72
Q

What does “itis” show?

A

That there is an inflammation (e.g arthr”itis” is an inflammation of joints)

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73
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A buildup of plaque in the arteries

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74
Q

What are the 5 elements of the cardiac conduction system?

A

Sino-atrial node, atrio-ventricular node, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibres

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75
Q

What is a heart aneurysm?

A

Aorta has started to bulge and the blood pressure decreases because the aorta is bigger

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76
Q

What is Cardiovascular Disease?

A

Coronary artery becomes narrower and less flexible because of fatty deposits/plaque in the artery

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77
Q

What is plaque?

A

Fatty deposits

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78
Q

How does smoking increase the chances of atherosclerosis?

A

Cigarettes include chemicals that when we smoke, they get into our blood stream. These chemicals can bind to fat which binds fat molecules together, so then there is a buildup of fat stuck in the arteries

79
Q

Why does atherosclerosis cause angina?

A

Because when atherosclerosis causes so much blockage that there’s not enough oxygen getting through the heart, the heart will respire anaerobically which causes lactic acid to produce. This is what causes angina

80
Q

What is the difference between stable angina and unstable angina?

A

Stable angina is chronic and long term because unstable angina is acute and causes a ruptured plaque

81
Q

What does ruptured plaque mean?

A

A piece of the fatty deposit stuck to the coronary artery walls breaks off

82
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Main ‘fat’ that causes atherosclerosis

83
Q

Where is cholesterol produced?

A

The liver

84
Q

What does HDL and LDL stand for in cholesterol?

A

High Density Lipoprotein
Low Density Lipoprotein

85
Q

What is LDL (what is its job)?

A

LDL is a lipoprotein that takes cholesterol to cells

86
Q

What is HDL?

A

HDL is a lipoprotein that takes cholesterol from cells to the liver

87
Q

What are the names of the two fats?

A

Saturated fat and unsaturated fat

88
Q

What’s an example of a food that contains lots of saturated fat?

A

Red meat

89
Q

Why does smoking cause CVD?

A

Nicotine raises heart rate and BP. Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen so the heart works harder. Chemicals increase risk of blood clots.

90
Q

How does high blood pressure increase chances of atherosclerosis?

A

Higher blood pressure puts strain on artery walls which speeds up damage and atherosclerosis

91
Q

Do diets high in saturated fat decrease HDL?

A

Yes but they increase LDL

92
Q

What are statins?

A

Group of medicines that can help lower the LDL cholesterol in blood

93
Q

How do statins work?

A

They lower the LDL in blood by inhibiting enzyme in the liver. This prevents the build up of plaque in the heart

94
Q

Are statins easy to take?

A

Yes, easy to take without supervision

95
Q

How long do you have to take statins?

A

For life

96
Q

Are statins expensive?

A

No

97
Q

Can statins reduce strokes?

A

Yes

98
Q

Can statins reduce blood clots?

A

Yes

99
Q

Do stains reduce CHD risk?

A

Yes

100
Q

Do statins cause memory problems and inflammation?

A

Yes

101
Q

Do statins treat or cure CHD?

A

Treat

102
Q

Do statins increase the chance of developing diabetes?

A

Yes

103
Q

Outline three benefits of using statins

A

Statins lower LDL cholesterol in blood which reduces the risk of CHD. Stains are also easy to take and no supervision is needed when taking them

104
Q

Outline three risks of using statins

A

Cause memory problems, cause inflammation, increased chance of diabetes

105
Q

What is an antihypertensive drug?

A

Drugs that lower blood pressure, these are giving to people with hypertension

106
Q

State two structural difference between arteries and veins

A

Veins have valves. Arteries have a folded endothelium

107
Q

What antibodies would someone with blood type A- have?

A

Anti B antibodies

108
Q

What antibodies would someone with blood type AB- have?

A

Anti B and Anti A antibodies

109
Q

What antibodies would someone with blood type O+ have?

A

Anti AB antibodies

110
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

Goes to the site of a cut and clot the blood

111
Q

Heart cells are myogenic. How so?

A

The heart has its own heart beat, own electrical impulse generated from the SAN

112
Q

What role do high-density lipoproteins (HDL) provide?

A

The role of HDL is to transport excess cholesterol from the rest of the body to the liver for elimination from the body.

113
Q

What is vasoconstriction in the RAAS system?

A

Higher blood pressure

114
Q

What is RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)?

A

Regulation system of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and system vascular resistance

115
Q

What is the order of RAAS?

A

Angiotensinogen, renin from kidneys, Angiotensin I, ACE from lungs, Angiotensin 2, stimulates adrenal gland, aldosterone

116
Q

What does angiotensinogen mean?

A

Low blood pressure

117
Q

What is renin?

A

An enzyme that creates angiotensin

118
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

A hormone that regulates blood pressure by managing levels of sodium and potassium in blood

119
Q

What is angiotensin?

A

Hormone that regulates blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels and triggering water and sodium intake

120
Q

Describe the cardiac conduction system in the heart

A

The SAN releases wave of excitation. The wave spreads across the atrial walls (atrial diastole). This wave of excitation reaches the AVN and then there is a delay. The wave passes down the bundle of his septum to the apex. Then wave passes through Purkinje fibres across ventricle walls, which causes ventricular systole.

121
Q

How do you calculate beats per minute on an ECG trace?

A

Measure the difference between two peaks and then divide it by 60 (for example 60/0.95). If the answer is a decimal then round this to 1sf

122
Q

If someone’s heart rate is 40 beats per minute, what condition do they have?

A

Bradycardia

123
Q

If someone’s heart rate is 110 beats per minute, what condition do they have?

A

Tachycardia

124
Q

Name a gas that is excreted through the alveoli

A

Oxygen

125
Q

What’s the deepest inner layer of the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

126
Q

What’s the middle inner layer of the lungs?

A

Pleural cavity

127
Q

What’s the outer inner layer of the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura

128
Q

What does the pleural membrane do?

A

One side lines the body cavity wall and the other side lines the lungs

129
Q

What is the proper name for the air tube?

A

Trachea

130
Q

What is the proper name for the food tube?

A

Oesophagus

131
Q

Why does the trachea have ‘C’ rings?

A

To allow movement of the neck without abstraction

132
Q

Name the process used to reabsorb water from the filtrate into the blood

A

Osmosis

133
Q

Why do ventilators have humidifiers?

A

It moistens the air to avoid dehydration but the air also needs to be moist because gases need to be able to diffuse

134
Q

When someone is on a ventilator to help them breathe, why is the expelled air taken away?

A

Exhaled air contains carbon dioxide which would have negative affects on the breathing rate if it wasn’t taken away

135
Q

In ventilation, what does inspiration and expiration mean?

A

Inhalation and exhalation

136
Q

In inspiration, how does the ribcage move?

A

Upwards and outwards

137
Q

In inspiration, how do intercostal muscles move?

A

They contract

138
Q

In inspiration, what happens to the volume of the thorax? (lungs)

A

It increases

139
Q

In inspiration, what happens to the pressure in the thorax? (lungs)

A

It decreases compared to atmospheric pressure

140
Q

In expiration, how does the ribcage move?

A

Down and inwards

141
Q

In expiration, what happens to the intercostal muscles?

A

They relax

142
Q

In inspiration, how does the diaphragm react?

A

Contracts and flattens

143
Q

In exhalation, how does the diaphragm react?

A

Relaxes and moves up

144
Q

What happens to the volume of the thorax (lungs) in expiration?

A

Decreases

145
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax (lungs) in expiration?

A

Increases

146
Q

In inhalation, where does the air go?

A

Into lungs

147
Q

In expiration, where does the air go?

A

Out of lungs

148
Q

What are the four roles of kidneys?

A

Regulating salt content, regulating water content (osmoregulation), regulating blood pressure, regulating acid-base balance

149
Q

What is the difference between urethra and the ureter?

A

Ureter is the small tube that connects the bladder and the kidneys. The urethra is the tube that connects the bladder to the body’s exterior so the urine can exit the body

150
Q

Are dialysis machines a short-term or long-term solution?

A

Short-term until a transplant can replace the kidney that isn’t working

151
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Water balancing (the kidney regulates water content)

152
Q

What is the main chemical the kidney excretes?

A

Uric acid

153
Q

What is excretion?

A

Elimination of waste productions in the body

154
Q

How do carrier proteins work?

A

The chemicals to be transported join to the carrier protein. Energy from ATP is used to change protein shape. As the protein changes shape, it pushes the chemical through (against its concentration gradient). Then the protein changes back to its original shape

155
Q

Is a channel protein passive or active?

A

Passive

156
Q

Is a carrier protein active or passive?

A

Active and passive

157
Q

Why can’t glucose smoothly diffuse?

A

It’s not fat soluble

158
Q

What does semi-permeable mean?

A

Allows small substances through but not large

159
Q

What do the channel proteins do?

A

Allows molecules to move from a high concentration area to a low concentration area during facilitated diffusion

160
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from higher water concentration to lower water concentration through a semipermeable membrane

161
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is a process that is required to move molecules against a concentration gradient

162
Q

Is active transport from low to high concentration or high to low concentration?

A

Low to high

163
Q

What does exocytosis mean?

A

Releasing large molecules outside the cell

164
Q

What does endocytosis mean?

A

Absorbing large molecules into the cell

165
Q

What does the right pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to right lung

166
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body

167
Q

What does the right pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from right lung

168
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

It’s the heart’s pacemaker, responsible for the regular contraction of the heart muscle

169
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

Transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles

170
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body

171
Q

What do the purkinje fibres do?

A

Sends nerve impulses to the ventricles of the heart

172
Q

What does the septum do?

A

Divides left and right side of the heart

173
Q

What does the semilunar valve do?

A

Valves prevent backward flow of blood

174
Q

What does the left pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left lung

175
Q

What does the left pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to left lung

176
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the body

177
Q

What are the three treatments for CVD?

A

Anti-hypertensive drugs, statins, transplantations/immunosuppressants

178
Q

What is the spirometer?

A

An instrument that measures the breathing rate

179
Q

Where do you find cardiac muscle?

A

In the heart

180
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucous

181
Q

Why do goblet cells produce mucous?

A

To trap pathogens

182
Q

What does tidal volume show?

A

Tidal volume shows your regular breathing rate

183
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve?

A

The most amount of oxygen you can take in with the most amount of effort

184
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The most amount of oxygen you can breathe out with the most amount of effort

185
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forced expiration

186
Q

What does the medulla do in the kidneys?

A

Regulates the concentration of urine

187
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule?

A

A cup shaped structure containing the glomerulus

188
Q

Where does ultrafiltration of urine take place?

A

Bowman’s capsule

189
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

The glomerulus is a structure made of capillaries in which the pressure forces all solutes in the blood plasma to be forced through the capillary walls. This includes amino acids, glucose, urea, water. Proteins don’t pass through because they are too large.

190
Q

What does the loop of Henle do?

A

Reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate

191
Q

What does the collecting duct do?

A

Collects urine and transports it to the ureters where it’s temporarily stored in the urinary bladder

192
Q

Where does ultrafiltration of the kidneys start?

A

The glomerulus

193
Q

Where does ultrafiltration of the kidneys end?

A

Collecting duct

194
Q

What state is the heart at the beginning and end?

A

Atrial diastole

BTEC Science (3 decks)

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