Unit 5 Chapter 22 reversed

Question 1

heritable change in population of organsisms from one generation to the next

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

traits are heritable and variation exists within a given species

Answer 2

variation

Question 3

Process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 3

natural selection

Question 4

genes conferring beneficial traits

Answer 4

adaptions

Question 5

human population grows more rapidly than food supply does until famines/ war/ disease reduce population

Answer 5

Malthus

Question 6

perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow, continuous actions still operating today

Answer 6

Hutton & Lyell

Question 7

mechanisms he proposed aren’t supported by scientific evidence

• change occurs through use and disuse
• inheritance of acquired characteristics
• organisms have innate drive towards greater complexity
• evolution by natural processes

Answer 7

Lamarck

Question 8

suggested that existing species are derived from pre-existing species
 Observed many examples of adaptations
• Darwin’s finches’ example of adaptive radiation
 Limit to resources=limit to populations
• Only the fittest can survive
 Favorable variations will be selected for (weaker are outcompeted)
 Stronger variations will persist over weaker in struggle for existence

Answer 8

Darwin

Question 9

descent with modification- the 3 broad observations about life

Answer 9

unity of life
diversity of life
match between organisms and their environment

Question 10

refers to the human interaction bc humans have selectively bred domesticated plant and animal species

Answer 10

artificial selection

Question 11

Shows successive evolutionary change
 Form many ways and preserve evidence of a huge variety of organisms.
 Comparing these by age allows us to see successive change
 Earliest are from oldest rocks
• (old rocks have simple life forms)
 this record is incomplete bc some organisms don’t fossilize
• Erosion and movement can destroy them
 Transitional forms can be difficult to find

Answer 11

fossil record

Question 12

study of geographic distributions of extinct and living species

Answer 12

biogeography

Question 13

demonstrates principle species change over time

Answer 13

selective breeding

Question 14

two different species evolve independently from different ancestors but have adapted to similar environments in similar ways

Answer 14

convergent evolution

Question 15

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Answer 15

homology

Question 16

HGT causes this and molecular processes underpin evolution

Answer 16

molecular homology

Question 17

these similarities are most obvious

Answer 17

anatomical homology

Question 18

these differences can be used to gauge evolutionary relationships

Answer 18

developmental homology

Question 19

in local environment, these determine what traits are useful and which are selected for

Answer 19

selective pressure

Question 20

share features because of convergent evolution

Answer 20

analogous structures

Question 21

anatomical resemblances that represent variants on a structural theme present in common ancestor
 can be heritable—DNA sequence, protein structures, anatomical structures, behavioral patterns

Answer 21

homologous structures

Question 22

anatomical feature that has no current function but resembles a structure of a presumed ancestor

Answer 22

vestigal structures

Question 23

which (one of two) type of structures is convergent evolution

Answer 23

analogies

Question 24

which (one of two) type of structures is divergent evolution

Answer 24

homologies

Question 25

homologous genes that occur in separate species

Answer 25

orthologs

Question 26

homologous genes within a single species

Answer 26

paralogs

Question 27

exchange of genetic material among organisms who are not direct descendants

Answer 27

horizontal gene transfer

Question 28

transformation, transduction, conjugation

Answer 28

3 types of HGT

Question 29

Uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA from environment

Answer 29

transformation

Question 30

movement of genes between prokaryotic cells by phages

Answer 30

transduction

Question 31

Genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells through direct contact

Answer 31

conjugation