Unit 5- Chapter 22

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

heritable change in population of organsisms from one generation to the next

Question 2

variation

Answer 2

traits are heritable and variation exists within a given species

Question 3

natural selection

Answer 3

Process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 4

adaptions

Answer 4

genes conferring beneficial trains

Question 5

Malthus

Answer 5

human population grows more rapidly than food supply does until famines/ war/ disease reduce population

Question 6

Hutton & Lyell

Answer 6

perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow, continuous actions still operating today

Question 7

Lamarck

Answer 7

mechanisms he proposed aren’t supported by scientific evidence

• change occurs through use and disuse
• inheritance of acquired characteristics
• organisms have innate drive towards greater complexity
• evolution by natural processes

Question 8

Darwin

Answer 8

suggested that existing species are derived from pre-existing species
 Observed many examples of adaptations
• Darwin’s finches’ example of adaptive radiation
 Limit to resources=limit to populations
• Only the fittest can survive
 Favorable variations will be selected for (weaker are outcompeted)
 Stronger variations will persist over weaker in struggle for existence

Question 9

unity of life
diversity of life
match between organisms and their environment

Answer 9

descent with modification- the 3 broad observations about life

Question 10

artificial selection

Answer 10

refers to the human interaction bc humans have selectively bred domesticated plant and animal species

Question 11

fossil record

Answer 11

 Shows successive evolutionary change
 Form many ways and preserve evidence of a huge variety of organisms.
 Comparing these by age allows us to see successive change
 Earliest are from oldest rocks
• (old rocks have simple life forms)
 this record is incomplete bc some organisms don’t fossilize
• Erosion and movement can destroy them
 Transitional forms can be difficult to find

Question 12

biogeography

Answer 12

study of geographic distributions of extinct and living species

Question 13

selective breeding

Answer 13

demonstrates principle species change over time

Question 14

convergent evolution

Answer 14

two different species evolve independently from different ancestors but have adapted to similar environments in similar ways

Question 15

homology

Answer 15

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 16

molecular homology

Answer 16

HGT causes this and molecular processes underpin evolution

Question 17

anatomical homology

Answer 17

these similarities are most obvious

Question 18

developmental homology

Answer 18

these differences can be used to gauge evolutionary relationships

Question 19

selective pressure

Answer 19

in local environment, these determine what traits are useful and which are selected for

Question 20

analogous structures

Answer 20

share features because of convergent evolution

Question 21

homologous structures

Answer 21

anatomical resemblances that represent variants on a structural theme present in common ancestor
 can be heritable—DNA sequence, protein structures, anatomical structures, behavioral patterns

Question 22

vestigal structures

Answer 22

anatomical feature that has no current function but resembles a structure of a presumed ancestor

Question 23

analogies

Answer 23

which (one of two) type of structures is convergent evolution

Question 24

homologies

Answer 24

which (one of two) type of structures is divergent evolution

Question 25

orthologs

Answer 25

homologous genes that occur in separate species

Question 26

paralogs

Answer 26

homologous genes within a single species

Question 27

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 27

exchange of genetic material among organisms who are not direct descendants

Question 28

transformation, transduction, conjugation

Answer 28

3 types of HGT

Question 29

transformation

Answer 29

Uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA from environment

Question 30

transduction

Answer 30

movement of genes between prokaryotic cells by phages

Question 31

conjugation

Answer 31

Genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells through direct contact