unit 5 and 6 Flashcards
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Organic molecules and O2
What are the products of cellular respiration?
ATP, CO2, H2O. Used by plants
What is cellular respiration?
The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
How does a cell make ATP?
Releases the energy in food molecules.
What does cellular respiration occur in?
Animals, plants, and many other organisms.
What are redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions?
Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are both what?
A series of redox reactions.
What is reduction?
The gain of electrons.
What is oxidation?
The loss of electrons.
What does hydrogen contain?
One electron and one proton.
If hydrogen is gain what is that called?
Reduction
What are electron carriers?
Molecules that accept electrons and move them around the cell.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
FAPH2
Flavin adenine dinuleotide
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Where does the krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What does glycolysis produce?
A small amount of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
The direct transfer of the phosphate group
What is the reactant and products of glycolysis?
Reactant: Glucose
Products: 2 pyruvate
Where does the pyruvic acid that was produced in Glycolysis moved to?
Into the mitochondrion
What happens to the pyruvate acid in the mitochondrion?
It is converted into a form of citric acid.
How does the pyruvate lose carbon?
It loses in the form of CO2 and created acetic acid.
What is added to NAD to form NADH?
High energy electrons.
What are the 3 steps of pyruvate oxidation?
- Pyruvic acid loses a carbon as CO2
- Breakdown of the fuel generates NADH
- Acetic acid attaches to coenzyme A
What does the Krebs cycle produce?
CO2 when carbon is lost.
What is formed in the Kerbs cycle and why?
NADH and FADH2 to carry high energy electrons.
Where does electron transport chain occur?
Inner mitochondiral membrane
What electron carriers start ETC?
NADH and NADH2
What do the electrons pass through?
Proteins
What do the proteins in the ETC also pump and to where?
Protons (H+) from the matrix to the inner membrane space
What do the final electrons do?
They are accepted by oxygen to form water
What is oxygen called?
Their terminal electron accepter
What is the effect of the proteins pumping H+ in the ETC?
A high concentration of H+ is in the intermembrane space and a low concentration in the matrix. (Membrane potential)
How do H+ diffuse?
Down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase. (Intermembrane space to matix)
What does the movement of H+ through ATP synthase cause?
Causes the enzyme to rotate and form ATP from ADP and phosphate (Oxidative phosphorylation)
In what step of cellular respiration do we breathe in oxygen?
Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos)
In what step of cellular respiration do we produce carbon dioxide?
Krebs pyruvate oxidation
How are macromolecules besides carbohydrates processed?
They are broken down by specific enzymes
What is aerobic respiration?
Metabolic processes that require oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
Metabolic processes that do not directly require oxygen nor does it rely on an oxygen-requiring process
Where does fermentation occur?
Cytosol
What is the purpose of fermentation?
To recycle NADH into NAD+ when oxygen is absent
Why is fermentation important?
Because if there isn’t NAH+ glycolysis cannot proceed, and the cell cannot make ATP
What type of fermentation do yeast and a few other microorganisms use?
Alcoholic fermentation
What does alcoholic fermentation produce?
Ethanol and CO2
Does ethanol fermentation produce ATP?
Yes
What are the reactants and products of Ethanol Fermentation?
Glucose, 2 Ethyl alcohol
What are many cells, especially muscle cells, capable of?
Lactic acid fermentation
What happens if lactic acid is collected in your muscle cells?
You feel soreness
What are the reactants and products of Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Glucose, 2 lactic acid
What is photosynthesis?
The process of using sunlight to make food
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Reactants: CO2 and H2O
Products: C6H12O6 (glucose, organic molecules) and O2
What is the driving force of the reaction in photosynthesis?
Light
What does light do?
It adds energy
What are autotrophs?
Self-feeders
Where to autotrophs obtain their energy?
From non-living sources, usually the sun but can be from chemical reactions
What are photoautotrophs?
Producers that use energy from the sun to complete photosynthesis
What is a heterotroph?
Organisms that obtains energy from other living things
What are consumers?
Heterotrophs that usually gain their energy from cellular respiration
What organelle is used in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
What are the different parts of the chloroplasts?
Thylakoids, grana, stroma, lumen
What are thylakoids?
Sac-like photosynthetic membranes
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoids (singular=granum)
What are stroma?
The fluid portion of the chlorplast
What are lumen?
The fluid inside of the thylakoid
What is light?
A form of energy
How do plants use light?
To help break water molecules. They can absorb some colors but not all of the colors
What is chlorophyll?
The light harnessing pigment that allows plants to harvest light energy
What do accessory pigments do?
Help the plants absorb as much of the spectrum as possible
In what form does photosynthesis generate energy?
ATP
How does photosynthesis store energy?
As glucose
What do light reactions require?
The direct involvement of light and light absorbing pigments.
Where do light reactions occur?
Thylakoid Membrane
What do light reactions involve?
An electron transport chain and ATP synthase
What are dark reactions?
Light-independent reactions and the Calvin cycle
Where do dark reactions occur?
The stroma
What are the products of light reactions used for?
To fix CO2 into sugar
What is needed for dark reactions to occur?
Light reactions
What is needed for light reactions to occur?
Dark reactions
What does NADPH have that NADH did not?
A phosphate
What is the carrier molecule used in photosynthesis?
NADP+
What do light-dependent reactions do?
Use energy from sunlight to convert water into oxygen and ACP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH
How do light reactions use an electron transport chain?
To create ATP and NADPH
What are photosystems?
Protein complexes that help the elections move through the electron transport chain using light
What do the pigments in photosystems do?
Absorb sunlight and generate high-energy electrons that are easier to pass through the electron transport chain
What do electron transport chains do?
Pump protons into the lumen
What does the high proton concentration allow?
Allows ATP to be generated by oxidative phosphorylation using synthase.
What are the reactants of light reactions?
Water, ADP, and NADP+ plus light
What are the products of light reactions?
O2, ATP, NADPH
What is the electron donor in light reactions?
Water
What are electron acceptors in light reactions?
NADPH
What colors are absorbed by cholophyll?
Blue, purple, and red
What color is reflected by cholophyll?
Green
What is released or “breathed out” of a plant?
O2
What enter the dark reactions as reactants?
ATP and NADPH
What are the products of light reactions used for?
To stick carbon dioxide molecules together
What is combined in the Dark Reaction?
CO2 and RuBP
What enzyme combined carbon dioxide with RuBP?
Rubisco
What do the new 6 carbon molecules do?
Split to form 3 carbon compound with 1 phosphorus attached to it
What do the 3 carbon molecules do?
1 of the 3 is combined with others to make sugar and other organic compounds. The other 3 carbon molecules are used to make RuBP again
What are the reactants of Dark Reactions?
CO2 “breathed in” and ATP and NADPH (from light reactions)
What are the products of dark reactions?
Sugar, ADP, and NAPH+
What do the ADP and NADP+ do in dark reactions?
They are sent back to the light dependent reactions
What is used to make all of the parts of the plant?
Sugar
